From 7bece4de7cad122829373423a709ee9554666a7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Philipp Spiess <hello@philippspiess.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Feb 2025 10:45:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] Re-enable: Only expose used CSS variables  (#16676)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

This PR re-enables the changes necessary to remove unused theme
variables and keyframes form your CSS.

This change was initially landed as #16211 and then later reverted in
#16403 because we found some unexpected interactions with using `@apply`
and CSS variables in multi-root setups like CSS modules or Vue inline
`<style>` blocks that were no longer seeing their required variables
defined.

This issue is fixed by now ensuring that theme variables that are
defined within an `@reference "…"` boundary will still be emitted in the
generated CSS when used (as this would otherwise not generate a valid
stylesheet).

So given the following input CSS:

```css
@reference "tailwindcss";
.text-red {
  @apply text-red-500;
}
```

We will now compile this to:

```css
@layer theme {
  :root, :host {
    --text-red-500: oklch(0.637 0.237 25.331);
  }
}
.text-red {
  color: var(--text-red-500);
}
```

This PR also improves the initial implementation to not mark theme
variables as used if they are only used to define other theme variables.
For example:

```css
@theme {
  --font-sans:
    ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol',
    'Noto Color Emoji';
  --font-mono:
    ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', 'Courier New',
    monospace;

  --default-font-family: var(--font-sans);
  --default-mono-font-family: var(--font-mono);
}

.default-font-family {
  font-family: var(--default-font-family);
}
```

This would be reduced to the following now as `--font-mono` is only used
to define another variable and never used outside the theme block:

```css
:root, :host {
  --font-sans:
    ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol',
    'Noto Color Emoji';
  --default-font-family: var(--font-sans);
}

.default-font-family {
  font-family: var(--default-font-family);
}
```

## Test plan

- See updated unit and integration tests
- Validated it works end-to-end by using a SvelteKit example
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   7 +-
 integrations/cli/index.test.ts                |   4 +-
 .../src/__snapshots__/index.test.ts.snap      | 383 -----------------
 .../@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.test.ts    |  12 +-
 .../src/__snapshots__/index.test.ts.snap      | 393 ------------------
 .../src/__snapshots__/utilities.test.ts.snap  |  27 --
 packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.ts               | 182 ++++++--
 packages/tailwindcss/src/at-import.test.ts    |   6 +-
 .../tailwindcss/src/compat/config.test.ts     | 108 +----
 .../src/compat/container-config.test.ts       |  76 +---
 .../tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api.test.ts |  28 +-
 .../src/compat/screens-config.test.ts         |  27 +-
 .../tailwindcss/src/css-functions.test.ts     | 208 ++-------
 packages/tailwindcss/src/design-system.ts     |  20 +-
 packages/tailwindcss/src/feature-flags.ts     |   2 -
 packages/tailwindcss/src/index.test.ts        | 368 ++++++++++------
 packages/tailwindcss/src/index.ts             |  20 +-
 packages/tailwindcss/src/prefix.test.ts       |  23 +-
 packages/tailwindcss/src/utilities.test.ts    |  85 +---
 packages/tailwindcss/src/utils/variables.ts   |  17 +
 packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.test.ts     |  80 +---
 21 files changed, 515 insertions(+), 1561 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/tailwindcss/src/utils/variables.ts

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9a7793e09..702e1e2af 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 - _Experimental_: Add `user-valid` and `user-invalid` variants ([#12370](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/12370))
 
+### Changed
+
+- Don't include theme variables that aren't used in compiled CSS ([#16211](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/16211), [#16676](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/16676))
+
 ### Fixed
 
 - Remove invalid `!important` on CSS variable declarations ([#16668](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/16668))
@@ -44,9 +48,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 ### Fixed
 
 - Revert change to no longer include theme variables that aren't used in compiled CSS ([#16403](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/16403))
-
-### Fixed
-
 - Upgrade: Don't migrate `blur` to `blur-sm` when used with Next.js `<Image placeholder="blur" />` ([#16405](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/16405))
 
 ## [4.0.5] - 2025-02-08
diff --git a/integrations/cli/index.test.ts b/integrations/cli/index.test.ts
index 6f48e9f9c..2eee0413d 100644
--- a/integrations/cli/index.test.ts
+++ b/integrations/cli/index.test.ts
@@ -1289,9 +1289,7 @@ test(
     expect(await fs.dumpFiles('./dist/*.css')).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       "
       --- ./dist/out.css ---
-      :root, :host {
-        --color-blue-500: blue;
-      }
+      <EMPTY>
       "
     `)
 
diff --git a/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/__snapshots__/index.test.ts.snap b/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/__snapshots__/index.test.ts.snap
index d401ace41..dbf73d755 100644
--- a/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/__snapshots__/index.test.ts.snap
+++ b/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/__snapshots__/index.test.ts.snap
@@ -4,363 +4,11 @@ exports[`\`@import 'tailwindcss'\` is replaced with the generated CSS 1`] = `
 "@layer theme {
   :root, :host {
     --font-sans: ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";
-    --font-serif: ui-serif, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
     --font-mono: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
-    --color-red-50: oklch(.971 .013 17.38);
-    --color-red-100: oklch(.936 .032 17.717);
-    --color-red-200: oklch(.885 .062 18.334);
-    --color-red-300: oklch(.808 .114 19.571);
-    --color-red-400: oklch(.704 .191 22.216);
-    --color-red-500: oklch(.637 .237 25.331);
-    --color-red-600: oklch(.577 .245 27.325);
-    --color-red-700: oklch(.505 .213 27.518);
-    --color-red-800: oklch(.444 .177 26.899);
-    --color-red-900: oklch(.396 .141 25.723);
-    --color-red-950: oklch(.258 .092 26.042);
-    --color-orange-50: oklch(.98 .016 73.684);
-    --color-orange-100: oklch(.954 .038 75.164);
-    --color-orange-200: oklch(.901 .076 70.697);
-    --color-orange-300: oklch(.837 .128 66.29);
-    --color-orange-400: oklch(.75 .183 55.934);
-    --color-orange-500: oklch(.705 .213 47.604);
-    --color-orange-600: oklch(.646 .222 41.116);
-    --color-orange-700: oklch(.553 .195 38.402);
-    --color-orange-800: oklch(.47 .157 37.304);
-    --color-orange-900: oklch(.408 .123 38.172);
-    --color-orange-950: oklch(.266 .079 36.259);
-    --color-amber-50: oklch(.987 .022 95.277);
-    --color-amber-100: oklch(.962 .059 95.617);
-    --color-amber-200: oklch(.924 .12 95.746);
-    --color-amber-300: oklch(.879 .169 91.605);
-    --color-amber-400: oklch(.828 .189 84.429);
-    --color-amber-500: oklch(.769 .188 70.08);
-    --color-amber-600: oklch(.666 .179 58.318);
-    --color-amber-700: oklch(.555 .163 48.998);
-    --color-amber-800: oklch(.473 .137 46.201);
-    --color-amber-900: oklch(.414 .112 45.904);
-    --color-amber-950: oklch(.279 .077 45.635);
-    --color-yellow-50: oklch(.987 .026 102.212);
-    --color-yellow-100: oklch(.973 .071 103.193);
-    --color-yellow-200: oklch(.945 .129 101.54);
-    --color-yellow-300: oklch(.905 .182 98.111);
-    --color-yellow-400: oklch(.852 .199 91.936);
-    --color-yellow-500: oklch(.795 .184 86.047);
-    --color-yellow-600: oklch(.681 .162 75.834);
-    --color-yellow-700: oklch(.554 .135 66.442);
-    --color-yellow-800: oklch(.476 .114 61.907);
-    --color-yellow-900: oklch(.421 .095 57.708);
-    --color-yellow-950: oklch(.286 .066 53.813);
-    --color-lime-50: oklch(.986 .031 120.757);
-    --color-lime-100: oklch(.967 .067 122.328);
-    --color-lime-200: oklch(.938 .127 124.321);
-    --color-lime-300: oklch(.897 .196 126.665);
-    --color-lime-400: oklch(.841 .238 128.85);
-    --color-lime-500: oklch(.768 .233 130.85);
-    --color-lime-600: oklch(.648 .2 131.684);
-    --color-lime-700: oklch(.532 .157 131.589);
-    --color-lime-800: oklch(.453 .124 130.933);
-    --color-lime-900: oklch(.405 .101 131.063);
-    --color-lime-950: oklch(.274 .072 132.109);
-    --color-green-50: oklch(.982 .018 155.826);
-    --color-green-100: oklch(.962 .044 156.743);
-    --color-green-200: oklch(.925 .084 155.995);
-    --color-green-300: oklch(.871 .15 154.449);
-    --color-green-400: oklch(.792 .209 151.711);
-    --color-green-500: oklch(.723 .219 149.579);
-    --color-green-600: oklch(.627 .194 149.214);
-    --color-green-700: oklch(.527 .154 150.069);
-    --color-green-800: oklch(.448 .119 151.328);
-    --color-green-900: oklch(.393 .095 152.535);
-    --color-green-950: oklch(.266 .065 152.934);
-    --color-emerald-50: oklch(.979 .021 166.113);
-    --color-emerald-100: oklch(.95 .052 163.051);
-    --color-emerald-200: oklch(.905 .093 164.15);
-    --color-emerald-300: oklch(.845 .143 164.978);
-    --color-emerald-400: oklch(.765 .177 163.223);
-    --color-emerald-500: oklch(.696 .17 162.48);
-    --color-emerald-600: oklch(.596 .145 163.225);
-    --color-emerald-700: oklch(.508 .118 165.612);
-    --color-emerald-800: oklch(.432 .095 166.913);
-    --color-emerald-900: oklch(.378 .077 168.94);
-    --color-emerald-950: oklch(.262 .051 172.552);
-    --color-teal-50: oklch(.984 .014 180.72);
-    --color-teal-100: oklch(.953 .051 180.801);
-    --color-teal-200: oklch(.91 .096 180.426);
-    --color-teal-300: oklch(.855 .138 181.071);
-    --color-teal-400: oklch(.777 .152 181.912);
-    --color-teal-500: oklch(.704 .14 182.503);
-    --color-teal-600: oklch(.6 .118 184.704);
-    --color-teal-700: oklch(.511 .096 186.391);
-    --color-teal-800: oklch(.437 .078 188.216);
-    --color-teal-900: oklch(.386 .063 188.416);
-    --color-teal-950: oklch(.277 .046 192.524);
-    --color-cyan-50: oklch(.984 .019 200.873);
-    --color-cyan-100: oklch(.956 .045 203.388);
-    --color-cyan-200: oklch(.917 .08 205.041);
-    --color-cyan-300: oklch(.865 .127 207.078);
-    --color-cyan-400: oklch(.789 .154 211.53);
-    --color-cyan-500: oklch(.715 .143 215.221);
-    --color-cyan-600: oklch(.609 .126 221.723);
-    --color-cyan-700: oklch(.52 .105 223.128);
-    --color-cyan-800: oklch(.45 .085 224.283);
-    --color-cyan-900: oklch(.398 .07 227.392);
-    --color-cyan-950: oklch(.302 .056 229.695);
-    --color-sky-50: oklch(.977 .013 236.62);
-    --color-sky-100: oklch(.951 .026 236.824);
-    --color-sky-200: oklch(.901 .058 230.902);
-    --color-sky-300: oklch(.828 .111 230.318);
-    --color-sky-400: oklch(.746 .16 232.661);
-    --color-sky-500: oklch(.685 .169 237.323);
-    --color-sky-600: oklch(.588 .158 241.966);
-    --color-sky-700: oklch(.5 .134 242.749);
-    --color-sky-800: oklch(.443 .11 240.79);
-    --color-sky-900: oklch(.391 .09 240.876);
-    --color-sky-950: oklch(.293 .066 243.157);
-    --color-blue-50: oklch(.97 .014 254.604);
-    --color-blue-100: oklch(.932 .032 255.585);
-    --color-blue-200: oklch(.882 .059 254.128);
-    --color-blue-300: oklch(.809 .105 251.813);
-    --color-blue-400: oklch(.707 .165 254.624);
-    --color-blue-500: oklch(.623 .214 259.815);
-    --color-blue-600: oklch(.546 .245 262.881);
-    --color-blue-700: oklch(.488 .243 264.376);
-    --color-blue-800: oklch(.424 .199 265.638);
-    --color-blue-900: oklch(.379 .146 265.522);
-    --color-blue-950: oklch(.282 .091 267.935);
-    --color-indigo-50: oklch(.962 .018 272.314);
-    --color-indigo-100: oklch(.93 .034 272.788);
-    --color-indigo-200: oklch(.87 .065 274.039);
-    --color-indigo-300: oklch(.785 .115 274.713);
-    --color-indigo-400: oklch(.673 .182 276.935);
-    --color-indigo-500: oklch(.585 .233 277.117);
-    --color-indigo-600: oklch(.511 .262 276.966);
-    --color-indigo-700: oklch(.457 .24 277.023);
-    --color-indigo-800: oklch(.398 .195 277.366);
-    --color-indigo-900: oklch(.359 .144 278.697);
-    --color-indigo-950: oklch(.257 .09 281.288);
-    --color-violet-50: oklch(.969 .016 293.756);
-    --color-violet-100: oklch(.943 .029 294.588);
-    --color-violet-200: oklch(.894 .057 293.283);
-    --color-violet-300: oklch(.811 .111 293.571);
-    --color-violet-400: oklch(.702 .183 293.541);
-    --color-violet-500: oklch(.606 .25 292.717);
-    --color-violet-600: oklch(.541 .281 293.009);
-    --color-violet-700: oklch(.491 .27 292.581);
-    --color-violet-800: oklch(.432 .232 292.759);
-    --color-violet-900: oklch(.38 .189 293.745);
-    --color-violet-950: oklch(.283 .141 291.089);
-    --color-purple-50: oklch(.977 .014 308.299);
-    --color-purple-100: oklch(.946 .033 307.174);
-    --color-purple-200: oklch(.902 .063 306.703);
-    --color-purple-300: oklch(.827 .119 306.383);
-    --color-purple-400: oklch(.714 .203 305.504);
-    --color-purple-500: oklch(.627 .265 303.9);
-    --color-purple-600: oklch(.558 .288 302.321);
-    --color-purple-700: oklch(.496 .265 301.924);
-    --color-purple-800: oklch(.438 .218 303.724);
-    --color-purple-900: oklch(.381 .176 304.987);
-    --color-purple-950: oklch(.291 .149 302.717);
-    --color-fuchsia-50: oklch(.977 .017 320.058);
-    --color-fuchsia-100: oklch(.952 .037 318.852);
-    --color-fuchsia-200: oklch(.903 .076 319.62);
-    --color-fuchsia-300: oklch(.833 .145 321.434);
-    --color-fuchsia-400: oklch(.74 .238 322.16);
-    --color-fuchsia-500: oklch(.667 .295 322.15);
-    --color-fuchsia-600: oklch(.591 .293 322.896);
-    --color-fuchsia-700: oklch(.518 .253 323.949);
-    --color-fuchsia-800: oklch(.452 .211 324.591);
-    --color-fuchsia-900: oklch(.401 .17 325.612);
-    --color-fuchsia-950: oklch(.293 .136 325.661);
-    --color-pink-50: oklch(.971 .014 343.198);
-    --color-pink-100: oklch(.948 .028 342.258);
-    --color-pink-200: oklch(.899 .061 343.231);
-    --color-pink-300: oklch(.823 .12 346.018);
-    --color-pink-400: oklch(.718 .202 349.761);
-    --color-pink-500: oklch(.656 .241 354.308);
-    --color-pink-600: oklch(.592 .249 .584);
-    --color-pink-700: oklch(.525 .223 3.958);
-    --color-pink-800: oklch(.459 .187 3.815);
-    --color-pink-900: oklch(.408 .153 2.432);
-    --color-pink-950: oklch(.284 .109 3.907);
-    --color-rose-50: oklch(.969 .015 12.422);
-    --color-rose-100: oklch(.941 .03 12.58);
-    --color-rose-200: oklch(.892 .058 10.001);
-    --color-rose-300: oklch(.81 .117 11.638);
-    --color-rose-400: oklch(.712 .194 13.428);
-    --color-rose-500: oklch(.645 .246 16.439);
-    --color-rose-600: oklch(.586 .253 17.585);
-    --color-rose-700: oklch(.514 .222 16.935);
-    --color-rose-800: oklch(.455 .188 13.697);
-    --color-rose-900: oklch(.41 .159 10.272);
-    --color-rose-950: oklch(.271 .105 12.094);
-    --color-slate-50: oklch(.984 .003 247.858);
-    --color-slate-100: oklch(.968 .007 247.896);
-    --color-slate-200: oklch(.929 .013 255.508);
-    --color-slate-300: oklch(.869 .022 252.894);
-    --color-slate-400: oklch(.704 .04 256.788);
-    --color-slate-500: oklch(.554 .046 257.417);
-    --color-slate-600: oklch(.446 .043 257.281);
-    --color-slate-700: oklch(.372 .044 257.287);
-    --color-slate-800: oklch(.279 .041 260.031);
-    --color-slate-900: oklch(.208 .042 265.755);
-    --color-slate-950: oklch(.129 .042 264.695);
-    --color-gray-50: oklch(.985 .002 247.839);
-    --color-gray-100: oklch(.967 .003 264.542);
-    --color-gray-200: oklch(.928 .006 264.531);
-    --color-gray-300: oklch(.872 .01 258.338);
-    --color-gray-400: oklch(.707 .022 261.325);
-    --color-gray-500: oklch(.551 .027 264.364);
-    --color-gray-600: oklch(.446 .03 256.802);
-    --color-gray-700: oklch(.373 .034 259.733);
-    --color-gray-800: oklch(.278 .033 256.848);
-    --color-gray-900: oklch(.21 .034 264.665);
-    --color-gray-950: oklch(.13 .028 261.692);
-    --color-zinc-50: oklch(.985 0 0);
-    --color-zinc-100: oklch(.967 .001 286.375);
-    --color-zinc-200: oklch(.92 .004 286.32);
-    --color-zinc-300: oklch(.871 .006 286.286);
-    --color-zinc-400: oklch(.705 .015 286.067);
-    --color-zinc-500: oklch(.552 .016 285.938);
-    --color-zinc-600: oklch(.442 .017 285.786);
-    --color-zinc-700: oklch(.37 .013 285.805);
-    --color-zinc-800: oklch(.274 .006 286.033);
-    --color-zinc-900: oklch(.21 .006 285.885);
-    --color-zinc-950: oklch(.141 .005 285.823);
-    --color-neutral-50: oklch(.985 0 0);
-    --color-neutral-100: oklch(.97 0 0);
-    --color-neutral-200: oklch(.922 0 0);
-    --color-neutral-300: oklch(.87 0 0);
-    --color-neutral-400: oklch(.708 0 0);
-    --color-neutral-500: oklch(.556 0 0);
-    --color-neutral-600: oklch(.439 0 0);
-    --color-neutral-700: oklch(.371 0 0);
-    --color-neutral-800: oklch(.269 0 0);
-    --color-neutral-900: oklch(.205 0 0);
-    --color-neutral-950: oklch(.145 0 0);
-    --color-stone-50: oklch(.985 .001 106.423);
-    --color-stone-100: oklch(.97 .001 106.424);
-    --color-stone-200: oklch(.923 .003 48.717);
-    --color-stone-300: oklch(.869 .005 56.366);
-    --color-stone-400: oklch(.709 .01 56.259);
-    --color-stone-500: oklch(.553 .013 58.071);
-    --color-stone-600: oklch(.444 .011 73.639);
-    --color-stone-700: oklch(.374 .01 67.558);
-    --color-stone-800: oklch(.268 .007 34.298);
-    --color-stone-900: oklch(.216 .006 56.043);
-    --color-stone-950: oklch(.147 .004 49.25);
     --color-black: #000;
-    --color-white: #fff;
-    --spacing: .25rem;
-    --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-    --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-    --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-    --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-    --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-    --container-3xs: 16rem;
-    --container-2xs: 18rem;
-    --container-xs: 20rem;
-    --container-sm: 24rem;
-    --container-md: 28rem;
-    --container-lg: 32rem;
-    --container-xl: 36rem;
-    --container-2xl: 42rem;
-    --container-3xl: 48rem;
-    --container-4xl: 56rem;
-    --container-5xl: 64rem;
-    --container-6xl: 72rem;
-    --container-7xl: 80rem;
-    --text-xs: .75rem;
-    --text-xs--line-height: calc(1 / .75);
-    --text-sm: .875rem;
-    --text-sm--line-height: calc(1.25 / .875);
-    --text-base: 1rem;
-    --text-base--line-height: calc(1.5 / 1);
-    --text-lg: 1.125rem;
-    --text-lg--line-height: calc(1.75 / 1.125);
-    --text-xl: 1.25rem;
-    --text-xl--line-height: calc(1.75 / 1.25);
     --text-2xl: 1.5rem;
     --text-2xl--line-height: calc(2 / 1.5);
-    --text-3xl: 1.875rem;
-    --text-3xl--line-height: calc(2.25 / 1.875);
-    --text-4xl: 2.25rem;
-    --text-4xl--line-height: calc(2.5 / 2.25);
-    --text-5xl: 3rem;
-    --text-5xl--line-height: 1;
-    --text-6xl: 3.75rem;
-    --text-6xl--line-height: 1;
-    --text-7xl: 4.5rem;
-    --text-7xl--line-height: 1;
-    --text-8xl: 6rem;
-    --text-8xl--line-height: 1;
-    --text-9xl: 8rem;
-    --text-9xl--line-height: 1;
-    --font-weight-thin: 100;
-    --font-weight-extralight: 200;
-    --font-weight-light: 300;
-    --font-weight-normal: 400;
-    --font-weight-medium: 500;
-    --font-weight-semibold: 600;
     --font-weight-bold: 700;
-    --font-weight-extrabold: 800;
-    --font-weight-black: 900;
-    --tracking-tighter: -.05em;
-    --tracking-tight: -.025em;
-    --tracking-normal: 0em;
-    --tracking-wide: .025em;
-    --tracking-wider: .05em;
-    --tracking-widest: .1em;
-    --leading-tight: 1.25;
-    --leading-snug: 1.375;
-    --leading-normal: 1.5;
-    --leading-relaxed: 1.625;
-    --leading-loose: 2;
-    --radius-xs: .125rem;
-    --radius-sm: .25rem;
-    --radius-md: .375rem;
-    --radius-lg: .5rem;
-    --radius-xl: .75rem;
-    --radius-2xl: 1rem;
-    --radius-3xl: 1.5rem;
-    --radius-4xl: 2rem;
-    --shadow-2xs: 0 1px #0000000d;
-    --shadow-xs: 0 1px 2px 0 #0000000d;
-    --shadow-sm: 0 1px 3px 0 #0000001a, 0 1px 2px -1px #0000001a;
-    --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px -1px #0000001a, 0 2px 4px -2px #0000001a;
-    --shadow-lg: 0 10px 15px -3px #0000001a, 0 4px 6px -4px #0000001a;
-    --shadow-xl: 0 20px 25px -5px #0000001a, 0 8px 10px -6px #0000001a;
-    --shadow-2xl: 0 25px 50px -12px #00000040;
-    --inset-shadow-2xs: inset 0 1px #0000000d;
-    --inset-shadow-xs: inset 0 1px 1px #0000000d;
-    --inset-shadow-sm: inset 0 2px 4px #0000000d;
-    --drop-shadow-xs: 0 1px 1px #0000000d;
-    --drop-shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px #00000026;
-    --drop-shadow-md: 0 3px 3px #0000001f;
-    --drop-shadow-lg: 0 4px 4px #00000026;
-    --drop-shadow-xl: 0 9px 7px #0000001a;
-    --drop-shadow-2xl: 0 25px 25px #00000026;
-    --ease-in: cubic-bezier(.4, 0, 1, 1);
-    --ease-out: cubic-bezier(0, 0, .2, 1);
-    --ease-in-out: cubic-bezier(.4, 0, .2, 1);
-    --animate-spin: spin 1s linear infinite;
-    --animate-ping: ping 1s cubic-bezier(0, 0, .2, 1) infinite;
-    --animate-pulse: pulse 2s cubic-bezier(.4, 0, .6, 1) infinite;
-    --animate-bounce: bounce 1s infinite;
-    --blur-xs: 4px;
-    --blur-sm: 8px;
-    --blur-md: 12px;
-    --blur-lg: 16px;
-    --blur-xl: 24px;
-    --blur-2xl: 40px;
-    --blur-3xl: 64px;
-    --perspective-dramatic: 100px;
-    --perspective-near: 300px;
-    --perspective-normal: 500px;
-    --perspective-midrange: 800px;
-    --perspective-distant: 1200px;
-    --aspect-video: 16 / 9;
-    --default-transition-duration: .15s;
-    --default-transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(.4, 0, .2, 1);
     --default-font-family: var(--font-sans);
     --default-font-feature-settings: var(--font-sans--font-feature-settings);
     --default-font-variation-settings: var(--font-sans--font-variation-settings);
@@ -630,37 +278,6 @@ exports[`\`@import 'tailwindcss'\` is replaced with the generated CSS 1`] = `
   }
 }
 
-@keyframes spin {
-  to {
-    transform: rotate(360deg);
-  }
-}
-
-@keyframes ping {
-  75%, 100% {
-    opacity: 0;
-    transform: scale(2);
-  }
-}
-
-@keyframes pulse {
-  50% {
-    opacity: .5;
-  }
-}
-
-@keyframes bounce {
-  0%, 100% {
-    animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(.8, 0, 1, 1);
-    transform: translateY(-25%);
-  }
-
-  50% {
-    animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0, 0, .2, 1);
-    transform: none;
-  }
-}
-
 @property --tw-font-weight {
   syntax: "*";
   inherits: false
diff --git a/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.test.ts b/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.test.ts
index 97eee3c1c..3a7e1b8b8 100644
--- a/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.test.ts
+++ b/packages/@tailwindcss-postcss/src/index.test.ts
@@ -330,11 +330,7 @@ test('runs `Once` plugins in the right order', async () => {
   )
 
   expect(result.css.trim()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --color-red-500: red;
-    }
-
-    .custom-css {
+    ".custom-css {
       color: red;
     }"
   `)
@@ -347,11 +343,7 @@ test('runs `Once` plugins in the right order', async () => {
     }"
   `)
   expect(after).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --color-red-500: red;
-    }
-
-    .custom-css {
+    ".custom-css {
       color: red;
     }"
   `)
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/__snapshots__/index.test.ts.snap b/packages/tailwindcss/src/__snapshots__/index.test.ts.snap
index 9ed291c39..5e88fe462 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/__snapshots__/index.test.ts.snap
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/__snapshots__/index.test.ts.snap
@@ -2,370 +2,8 @@
 
 exports[`compiling CSS > \`@tailwind utilities\` is replaced by utilities using the default theme 1`] = `
 ":root, :host {
-  --font-sans: ui-sans-serif, system-ui, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";
-  --font-serif: ui-serif, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
-  --font-mono: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
-  --color-red-50: oklch(.971 .013 17.38);
-  --color-red-100: oklch(.936 .032 17.717);
-  --color-red-200: oklch(.885 .062 18.334);
-  --color-red-300: oklch(.808 .114 19.571);
-  --color-red-400: oklch(.704 .191 22.216);
   --color-red-500: oklch(.637 .237 25.331);
-  --color-red-600: oklch(.577 .245 27.325);
-  --color-red-700: oklch(.505 .213 27.518);
-  --color-red-800: oklch(.444 .177 26.899);
-  --color-red-900: oklch(.396 .141 25.723);
-  --color-red-950: oklch(.258 .092 26.042);
-  --color-orange-50: oklch(.98 .016 73.684);
-  --color-orange-100: oklch(.954 .038 75.164);
-  --color-orange-200: oklch(.901 .076 70.697);
-  --color-orange-300: oklch(.837 .128 66.29);
-  --color-orange-400: oklch(.75 .183 55.934);
-  --color-orange-500: oklch(.705 .213 47.604);
-  --color-orange-600: oklch(.646 .222 41.116);
-  --color-orange-700: oklch(.553 .195 38.402);
-  --color-orange-800: oklch(.47 .157 37.304);
-  --color-orange-900: oklch(.408 .123 38.172);
-  --color-orange-950: oklch(.266 .079 36.259);
-  --color-amber-50: oklch(.987 .022 95.277);
-  --color-amber-100: oklch(.962 .059 95.617);
-  --color-amber-200: oklch(.924 .12 95.746);
-  --color-amber-300: oklch(.879 .169 91.605);
-  --color-amber-400: oklch(.828 .189 84.429);
-  --color-amber-500: oklch(.769 .188 70.08);
-  --color-amber-600: oklch(.666 .179 58.318);
-  --color-amber-700: oklch(.555 .163 48.998);
-  --color-amber-800: oklch(.473 .137 46.201);
-  --color-amber-900: oklch(.414 .112 45.904);
-  --color-amber-950: oklch(.279 .077 45.635);
-  --color-yellow-50: oklch(.987 .026 102.212);
-  --color-yellow-100: oklch(.973 .071 103.193);
-  --color-yellow-200: oklch(.945 .129 101.54);
-  --color-yellow-300: oklch(.905 .182 98.111);
-  --color-yellow-400: oklch(.852 .199 91.936);
-  --color-yellow-500: oklch(.795 .184 86.047);
-  --color-yellow-600: oklch(.681 .162 75.834);
-  --color-yellow-700: oklch(.554 .135 66.442);
-  --color-yellow-800: oklch(.476 .114 61.907);
-  --color-yellow-900: oklch(.421 .095 57.708);
-  --color-yellow-950: oklch(.286 .066 53.813);
-  --color-lime-50: oklch(.986 .031 120.757);
-  --color-lime-100: oklch(.967 .067 122.328);
-  --color-lime-200: oklch(.938 .127 124.321);
-  --color-lime-300: oklch(.897 .196 126.665);
-  --color-lime-400: oklch(.841 .238 128.85);
-  --color-lime-500: oklch(.768 .233 130.85);
-  --color-lime-600: oklch(.648 .2 131.684);
-  --color-lime-700: oklch(.532 .157 131.589);
-  --color-lime-800: oklch(.453 .124 130.933);
-  --color-lime-900: oklch(.405 .101 131.063);
-  --color-lime-950: oklch(.274 .072 132.109);
-  --color-green-50: oklch(.982 .018 155.826);
-  --color-green-100: oklch(.962 .044 156.743);
-  --color-green-200: oklch(.925 .084 155.995);
-  --color-green-300: oklch(.871 .15 154.449);
-  --color-green-400: oklch(.792 .209 151.711);
-  --color-green-500: oklch(.723 .219 149.579);
-  --color-green-600: oklch(.627 .194 149.214);
-  --color-green-700: oklch(.527 .154 150.069);
-  --color-green-800: oklch(.448 .119 151.328);
-  --color-green-900: oklch(.393 .095 152.535);
-  --color-green-950: oklch(.266 .065 152.934);
-  --color-emerald-50: oklch(.979 .021 166.113);
-  --color-emerald-100: oklch(.95 .052 163.051);
-  --color-emerald-200: oklch(.905 .093 164.15);
-  --color-emerald-300: oklch(.845 .143 164.978);
-  --color-emerald-400: oklch(.765 .177 163.223);
-  --color-emerald-500: oklch(.696 .17 162.48);
-  --color-emerald-600: oklch(.596 .145 163.225);
-  --color-emerald-700: oklch(.508 .118 165.612);
-  --color-emerald-800: oklch(.432 .095 166.913);
-  --color-emerald-900: oklch(.378 .077 168.94);
-  --color-emerald-950: oklch(.262 .051 172.552);
-  --color-teal-50: oklch(.984 .014 180.72);
-  --color-teal-100: oklch(.953 .051 180.801);
-  --color-teal-200: oklch(.91 .096 180.426);
-  --color-teal-300: oklch(.855 .138 181.071);
-  --color-teal-400: oklch(.777 .152 181.912);
-  --color-teal-500: oklch(.704 .14 182.503);
-  --color-teal-600: oklch(.6 .118 184.704);
-  --color-teal-700: oklch(.511 .096 186.391);
-  --color-teal-800: oklch(.437 .078 188.216);
-  --color-teal-900: oklch(.386 .063 188.416);
-  --color-teal-950: oklch(.277 .046 192.524);
-  --color-cyan-50: oklch(.984 .019 200.873);
-  --color-cyan-100: oklch(.956 .045 203.388);
-  --color-cyan-200: oklch(.917 .08 205.041);
-  --color-cyan-300: oklch(.865 .127 207.078);
-  --color-cyan-400: oklch(.789 .154 211.53);
-  --color-cyan-500: oklch(.715 .143 215.221);
-  --color-cyan-600: oklch(.609 .126 221.723);
-  --color-cyan-700: oklch(.52 .105 223.128);
-  --color-cyan-800: oklch(.45 .085 224.283);
-  --color-cyan-900: oklch(.398 .07 227.392);
-  --color-cyan-950: oklch(.302 .056 229.695);
-  --color-sky-50: oklch(.977 .013 236.62);
-  --color-sky-100: oklch(.951 .026 236.824);
-  --color-sky-200: oklch(.901 .058 230.902);
-  --color-sky-300: oklch(.828 .111 230.318);
-  --color-sky-400: oklch(.746 .16 232.661);
-  --color-sky-500: oklch(.685 .169 237.323);
-  --color-sky-600: oklch(.588 .158 241.966);
-  --color-sky-700: oklch(.5 .134 242.749);
-  --color-sky-800: oklch(.443 .11 240.79);
-  --color-sky-900: oklch(.391 .09 240.876);
-  --color-sky-950: oklch(.293 .066 243.157);
-  --color-blue-50: oklch(.97 .014 254.604);
-  --color-blue-100: oklch(.932 .032 255.585);
-  --color-blue-200: oklch(.882 .059 254.128);
-  --color-blue-300: oklch(.809 .105 251.813);
-  --color-blue-400: oklch(.707 .165 254.624);
-  --color-blue-500: oklch(.623 .214 259.815);
-  --color-blue-600: oklch(.546 .245 262.881);
-  --color-blue-700: oklch(.488 .243 264.376);
-  --color-blue-800: oklch(.424 .199 265.638);
-  --color-blue-900: oklch(.379 .146 265.522);
-  --color-blue-950: oklch(.282 .091 267.935);
-  --color-indigo-50: oklch(.962 .018 272.314);
-  --color-indigo-100: oklch(.93 .034 272.788);
-  --color-indigo-200: oklch(.87 .065 274.039);
-  --color-indigo-300: oklch(.785 .115 274.713);
-  --color-indigo-400: oklch(.673 .182 276.935);
-  --color-indigo-500: oklch(.585 .233 277.117);
-  --color-indigo-600: oklch(.511 .262 276.966);
-  --color-indigo-700: oklch(.457 .24 277.023);
-  --color-indigo-800: oklch(.398 .195 277.366);
-  --color-indigo-900: oklch(.359 .144 278.697);
-  --color-indigo-950: oklch(.257 .09 281.288);
-  --color-violet-50: oklch(.969 .016 293.756);
-  --color-violet-100: oklch(.943 .029 294.588);
-  --color-violet-200: oklch(.894 .057 293.283);
-  --color-violet-300: oklch(.811 .111 293.571);
-  --color-violet-400: oklch(.702 .183 293.541);
-  --color-violet-500: oklch(.606 .25 292.717);
-  --color-violet-600: oklch(.541 .281 293.009);
-  --color-violet-700: oklch(.491 .27 292.581);
-  --color-violet-800: oklch(.432 .232 292.759);
-  --color-violet-900: oklch(.38 .189 293.745);
-  --color-violet-950: oklch(.283 .141 291.089);
-  --color-purple-50: oklch(.977 .014 308.299);
-  --color-purple-100: oklch(.946 .033 307.174);
-  --color-purple-200: oklch(.902 .063 306.703);
-  --color-purple-300: oklch(.827 .119 306.383);
-  --color-purple-400: oklch(.714 .203 305.504);
-  --color-purple-500: oklch(.627 .265 303.9);
-  --color-purple-600: oklch(.558 .288 302.321);
-  --color-purple-700: oklch(.496 .265 301.924);
-  --color-purple-800: oklch(.438 .218 303.724);
-  --color-purple-900: oklch(.381 .176 304.987);
-  --color-purple-950: oklch(.291 .149 302.717);
-  --color-fuchsia-50: oklch(.977 .017 320.058);
-  --color-fuchsia-100: oklch(.952 .037 318.852);
-  --color-fuchsia-200: oklch(.903 .076 319.62);
-  --color-fuchsia-300: oklch(.833 .145 321.434);
-  --color-fuchsia-400: oklch(.74 .238 322.16);
-  --color-fuchsia-500: oklch(.667 .295 322.15);
-  --color-fuchsia-600: oklch(.591 .293 322.896);
-  --color-fuchsia-700: oklch(.518 .253 323.949);
-  --color-fuchsia-800: oklch(.452 .211 324.591);
-  --color-fuchsia-900: oklch(.401 .17 325.612);
-  --color-fuchsia-950: oklch(.293 .136 325.661);
-  --color-pink-50: oklch(.971 .014 343.198);
-  --color-pink-100: oklch(.948 .028 342.258);
-  --color-pink-200: oklch(.899 .061 343.231);
-  --color-pink-300: oklch(.823 .12 346.018);
-  --color-pink-400: oklch(.718 .202 349.761);
-  --color-pink-500: oklch(.656 .241 354.308);
-  --color-pink-600: oklch(.592 .249 .584);
-  --color-pink-700: oklch(.525 .223 3.958);
-  --color-pink-800: oklch(.459 .187 3.815);
-  --color-pink-900: oklch(.408 .153 2.432);
-  --color-pink-950: oklch(.284 .109 3.907);
-  --color-rose-50: oklch(.969 .015 12.422);
-  --color-rose-100: oklch(.941 .03 12.58);
-  --color-rose-200: oklch(.892 .058 10.001);
-  --color-rose-300: oklch(.81 .117 11.638);
-  --color-rose-400: oklch(.712 .194 13.428);
-  --color-rose-500: oklch(.645 .246 16.439);
-  --color-rose-600: oklch(.586 .253 17.585);
-  --color-rose-700: oklch(.514 .222 16.935);
-  --color-rose-800: oklch(.455 .188 13.697);
-  --color-rose-900: oklch(.41 .159 10.272);
-  --color-rose-950: oklch(.271 .105 12.094);
-  --color-slate-50: oklch(.984 .003 247.858);
-  --color-slate-100: oklch(.968 .007 247.896);
-  --color-slate-200: oklch(.929 .013 255.508);
-  --color-slate-300: oklch(.869 .022 252.894);
-  --color-slate-400: oklch(.704 .04 256.788);
-  --color-slate-500: oklch(.554 .046 257.417);
-  --color-slate-600: oklch(.446 .043 257.281);
-  --color-slate-700: oklch(.372 .044 257.287);
-  --color-slate-800: oklch(.279 .041 260.031);
-  --color-slate-900: oklch(.208 .042 265.755);
-  --color-slate-950: oklch(.129 .042 264.695);
-  --color-gray-50: oklch(.985 .002 247.839);
-  --color-gray-100: oklch(.967 .003 264.542);
-  --color-gray-200: oklch(.928 .006 264.531);
-  --color-gray-300: oklch(.872 .01 258.338);
-  --color-gray-400: oklch(.707 .022 261.325);
-  --color-gray-500: oklch(.551 .027 264.364);
-  --color-gray-600: oklch(.446 .03 256.802);
-  --color-gray-700: oklch(.373 .034 259.733);
-  --color-gray-800: oklch(.278 .033 256.848);
-  --color-gray-900: oklch(.21 .034 264.665);
-  --color-gray-950: oklch(.13 .028 261.692);
-  --color-zinc-50: oklch(.985 0 0);
-  --color-zinc-100: oklch(.967 .001 286.375);
-  --color-zinc-200: oklch(.92 .004 286.32);
-  --color-zinc-300: oklch(.871 .006 286.286);
-  --color-zinc-400: oklch(.705 .015 286.067);
-  --color-zinc-500: oklch(.552 .016 285.938);
-  --color-zinc-600: oklch(.442 .017 285.786);
-  --color-zinc-700: oklch(.37 .013 285.805);
-  --color-zinc-800: oklch(.274 .006 286.033);
-  --color-zinc-900: oklch(.21 .006 285.885);
-  --color-zinc-950: oklch(.141 .005 285.823);
-  --color-neutral-50: oklch(.985 0 0);
-  --color-neutral-100: oklch(.97 0 0);
-  --color-neutral-200: oklch(.922 0 0);
-  --color-neutral-300: oklch(.87 0 0);
-  --color-neutral-400: oklch(.708 0 0);
-  --color-neutral-500: oklch(.556 0 0);
-  --color-neutral-600: oklch(.439 0 0);
-  --color-neutral-700: oklch(.371 0 0);
-  --color-neutral-800: oklch(.269 0 0);
-  --color-neutral-900: oklch(.205 0 0);
-  --color-neutral-950: oklch(.145 0 0);
-  --color-stone-50: oklch(.985 .001 106.423);
-  --color-stone-100: oklch(.97 .001 106.424);
-  --color-stone-200: oklch(.923 .003 48.717);
-  --color-stone-300: oklch(.869 .005 56.366);
-  --color-stone-400: oklch(.709 .01 56.259);
-  --color-stone-500: oklch(.553 .013 58.071);
-  --color-stone-600: oklch(.444 .011 73.639);
-  --color-stone-700: oklch(.374 .01 67.558);
-  --color-stone-800: oklch(.268 .007 34.298);
-  --color-stone-900: oklch(.216 .006 56.043);
-  --color-stone-950: oklch(.147 .004 49.25);
-  --color-black: #000;
-  --color-white: #fff;
   --spacing: .25rem;
-  --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-  --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-  --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-  --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-  --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-  --container-3xs: 16rem;
-  --container-2xs: 18rem;
-  --container-xs: 20rem;
-  --container-sm: 24rem;
-  --container-md: 28rem;
-  --container-lg: 32rem;
-  --container-xl: 36rem;
-  --container-2xl: 42rem;
-  --container-3xl: 48rem;
-  --container-4xl: 56rem;
-  --container-5xl: 64rem;
-  --container-6xl: 72rem;
-  --container-7xl: 80rem;
-  --text-xs: .75rem;
-  --text-xs--line-height: calc(1 / .75);
-  --text-sm: .875rem;
-  --text-sm--line-height: calc(1.25 / .875);
-  --text-base: 1rem;
-  --text-base--line-height: calc(1.5 / 1);
-  --text-lg: 1.125rem;
-  --text-lg--line-height: calc(1.75 / 1.125);
-  --text-xl: 1.25rem;
-  --text-xl--line-height: calc(1.75 / 1.25);
-  --text-2xl: 1.5rem;
-  --text-2xl--line-height: calc(2 / 1.5);
-  --text-3xl: 1.875rem;
-  --text-3xl--line-height: calc(2.25 / 1.875);
-  --text-4xl: 2.25rem;
-  --text-4xl--line-height: calc(2.5 / 2.25);
-  --text-5xl: 3rem;
-  --text-5xl--line-height: 1;
-  --text-6xl: 3.75rem;
-  --text-6xl--line-height: 1;
-  --text-7xl: 4.5rem;
-  --text-7xl--line-height: 1;
-  --text-8xl: 6rem;
-  --text-8xl--line-height: 1;
-  --text-9xl: 8rem;
-  --text-9xl--line-height: 1;
-  --font-weight-thin: 100;
-  --font-weight-extralight: 200;
-  --font-weight-light: 300;
-  --font-weight-normal: 400;
-  --font-weight-medium: 500;
-  --font-weight-semibold: 600;
-  --font-weight-bold: 700;
-  --font-weight-extrabold: 800;
-  --font-weight-black: 900;
-  --tracking-tighter: -.05em;
-  --tracking-tight: -.025em;
-  --tracking-normal: 0em;
-  --tracking-wide: .025em;
-  --tracking-wider: .05em;
-  --tracking-widest: .1em;
-  --leading-tight: 1.25;
-  --leading-snug: 1.375;
-  --leading-normal: 1.5;
-  --leading-relaxed: 1.625;
-  --leading-loose: 2;
-  --radius-xs: .125rem;
-  --radius-sm: .25rem;
-  --radius-md: .375rem;
-  --radius-lg: .5rem;
-  --radius-xl: .75rem;
-  --radius-2xl: 1rem;
-  --radius-3xl: 1.5rem;
-  --radius-4xl: 2rem;
-  --shadow-2xs: 0 1px #0000000d;
-  --shadow-xs: 0 1px 2px 0 #0000000d;
-  --shadow-sm: 0 1px 3px 0 #0000001a, 0 1px 2px -1px #0000001a;
-  --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px -1px #0000001a, 0 2px 4px -2px #0000001a;
-  --shadow-lg: 0 10px 15px -3px #0000001a, 0 4px 6px -4px #0000001a;
-  --shadow-xl: 0 20px 25px -5px #0000001a, 0 8px 10px -6px #0000001a;
-  --shadow-2xl: 0 25px 50px -12px #00000040;
-  --inset-shadow-2xs: inset 0 1px #0000000d;
-  --inset-shadow-xs: inset 0 1px 1px #0000000d;
-  --inset-shadow-sm: inset 0 2px 4px #0000000d;
-  --drop-shadow-xs: 0 1px 1px #0000000d;
-  --drop-shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px #00000026;
-  --drop-shadow-md: 0 3px 3px #0000001f;
-  --drop-shadow-lg: 0 4px 4px #00000026;
-  --drop-shadow-xl: 0 9px 7px #0000001a;
-  --drop-shadow-2xl: 0 25px 25px #00000026;
-  --ease-in: cubic-bezier(.4, 0, 1, 1);
-  --ease-out: cubic-bezier(0, 0, .2, 1);
-  --ease-in-out: cubic-bezier(.4, 0, .2, 1);
-  --animate-spin: spin 1s linear infinite;
-  --animate-ping: ping 1s cubic-bezier(0, 0, .2, 1) infinite;
-  --animate-pulse: pulse 2s cubic-bezier(.4, 0, .6, 1) infinite;
-  --animate-bounce: bounce 1s infinite;
-  --blur-xs: 4px;
-  --blur-sm: 8px;
-  --blur-md: 12px;
-  --blur-lg: 16px;
-  --blur-xl: 24px;
-  --blur-2xl: 40px;
-  --blur-3xl: 64px;
-  --perspective-dramatic: 100px;
-  --perspective-near: 300px;
-  --perspective-normal: 500px;
-  --perspective-midrange: 800px;
-  --perspective-distant: 1200px;
-  --aspect-video: 16 / 9;
-  --default-transition-duration: .15s;
-  --default-transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(.4, 0, .2, 1);
-  --default-font-family: var(--font-sans);
-  --default-font-feature-settings: var(--font-sans--font-feature-settings);
-  --default-font-variation-settings: var(--font-sans--font-variation-settings);
-  --default-mono-font-family: var(--font-mono);
-  --default-mono-font-feature-settings: var(--font-mono--font-feature-settings);
-  --default-mono-font-variation-settings: var(--font-mono--font-variation-settings);
 }
 
 .w-4 {
@@ -387,37 +25,6 @@ exports[`compiling CSS > \`@tailwind utilities\` is replaced by utilities using
   }
 }
 
-@keyframes spin {
-  to {
-    transform: rotate(360deg);
-  }
-}
-
-@keyframes ping {
-  75%, 100% {
-    opacity: 0;
-    transform: scale(2);
-  }
-}
-
-@keyframes pulse {
-  50% {
-    opacity: .5;
-  }
-}
-
-@keyframes bounce {
-  0%, 100% {
-    animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(.8, 0, 1, 1);
-    transform: translateY(-25%);
-  }
-
-  50% {
-    animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0, 0, .2, 1);
-    transform: none;
-  }
-}
-
 @property --tw-shadow {
   syntax: "*";
   inherits: false;
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/__snapshots__/utilities.test.ts.snap b/packages/tailwindcss/src/__snapshots__/utilities.test.ts.snap
index 0fe26f658..9d35f62cc 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/__snapshots__/utilities.test.ts.snap
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/__snapshots__/utilities.test.ts.snap
@@ -2,9 +2,6 @@
 
 exports[`border-* 1`] = `
 ":root, :host {
-  --radius-none: 0px;
-  --radius-full: 9999px;
-  --radius-sm: .125rem;
   --color-red-500: #ef4444;
 }
 
@@ -127,9 +124,6 @@ exports[`border-* 1`] = `
 
 exports[`border-b-* 1`] = `
 ":root, :host {
-  --radius-none: 0px;
-  --radius-full: 9999px;
-  --radius-sm: .125rem;
   --color-red-500: #ef4444;
 }
 
@@ -252,9 +246,6 @@ exports[`border-b-* 1`] = `
 
 exports[`border-e-* 1`] = `
 ":root, :host {
-  --radius-none: 0px;
-  --radius-full: 9999px;
-  --radius-sm: .125rem;
   --color-red-500: #ef4444;
 }
 
@@ -377,9 +368,6 @@ exports[`border-e-* 1`] = `
 
 exports[`border-l-* 1`] = `
 ":root, :host {
-  --radius-none: 0px;
-  --radius-full: 9999px;
-  --radius-sm: .125rem;
   --color-red-500: #ef4444;
 }
 
@@ -502,9 +490,6 @@ exports[`border-l-* 1`] = `
 
 exports[`border-r-* 1`] = `
 ":root, :host {
-  --radius-none: 0px;
-  --radius-full: 9999px;
-  --radius-sm: .125rem;
   --color-red-500: #ef4444;
 }
 
@@ -627,9 +612,6 @@ exports[`border-r-* 1`] = `
 
 exports[`border-s-* 1`] = `
 ":root, :host {
-  --radius-none: 0px;
-  --radius-full: 9999px;
-  --radius-sm: .125rem;
   --color-red-500: #ef4444;
 }
 
@@ -752,9 +734,6 @@ exports[`border-s-* 1`] = `
 
 exports[`border-t-* 1`] = `
 ":root, :host {
-  --radius-none: 0px;
-  --radius-full: 9999px;
-  --radius-sm: .125rem;
   --color-red-500: #ef4444;
 }
 
@@ -877,9 +856,6 @@ exports[`border-t-* 1`] = `
 
 exports[`border-x-* 1`] = `
 ":root, :host {
-  --radius-none: 0px;
-  --radius-full: 9999px;
-  --radius-sm: .125rem;
   --color-red-500: #ef4444;
 }
 
@@ -1002,9 +978,6 @@ exports[`border-x-* 1`] = `
 
 exports[`border-y-* 1`] = `
 ":root, :host {
-  --radius-none: 0px;
-  --radius-full: 9999px;
-  --radius-sm: .125rem;
   --color-red-500: #ef4444;
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.ts
index edf0e4e23..36194d9f4 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { parseAtRule } from './css-parser'
 import type { DesignSystem } from './design-system'
-import { enableRemoveUnusedThemeVariables } from './feature-flags'
-import { ThemeOptions } from './theme'
+import { Theme, ThemeOptions } from './theme'
 import { DefaultMap } from './utils/default-map'
+import { extractUsedVariables } from './utils/variables'
 
 const AT_SIGN = 0x40
 
@@ -256,7 +256,11 @@ export function walkDepth(
 
 // Optimize the AST for printing where all the special nodes that require custom
 // handling are handled such that the printing is a 1-to-1 transformation.
-export function optimizeAst(ast: AstNode[], designSystem: DesignSystem) {
+export function optimizeAst(
+  ast: AstNode[],
+  designSystem: DesignSystem,
+  firstThemeRule: StyleRule | null,
+) {
   let atRoots: AstNode[] = []
   let seenAtProperties = new Set<string>()
   let cssThemeVariables = new DefaultMap<
@@ -266,6 +270,8 @@ export function optimizeAst(ast: AstNode[], designSystem: DesignSystem) {
   let keyframes = new Set<AtRule>()
   let usedKeyframeNames = new Set()
 
+  let variableDependencies = new DefaultMap<string, Set<string>>(() => new Set())
+
   function transform(
     node: AstNode,
     parent: Extract<AstNode, { nodes: AstNode[] }>['nodes'],
@@ -285,7 +291,15 @@ export function optimizeAst(ast: AstNode[], designSystem: DesignSystem) {
 
       // Track used CSS variables
       if (node.value.includes('var(')) {
-        designSystem.trackUsedVariables(node.value)
+        // Declaring another variable does not count as usage. Instead, we mark
+        // the relationship
+        if (context.theme && node.property[0] === '-' && node.property[1] === '-') {
+          for (let variable of extractUsedVariables(node.value)) {
+            variableDependencies.get(variable).add(node.property)
+          }
+        } else {
+          designSystem.trackUsedVariables(node.value)
+        }
       }
 
       // Track used animation names
@@ -376,13 +390,32 @@ export function optimizeAst(ast: AstNode[], designSystem: DesignSystem) {
 
     // Context
     else if (node.kind === 'context') {
-      // Remove reference imports from printing
       if (node.context.reference) {
-        return
-      }
+        if (firstThemeRule) {
+          let path = findNode(node.nodes, (node) => node === firstThemeRule)
+          if (path) {
+            let newPathToFirstThemeRule = path
+              .filter((node) => node.kind === 'at-rule')
+              .map((node) => ({ ...node, nodes: [] }))
+              .reverse() as AtRule[]
 
-      for (let child of node.nodes) {
-        transform(child, parent, { ...context, ...node.context }, depth)
+            let child = firstThemeRule as AstNode
+            for (let node of newPathToFirstThemeRule) {
+              node.nodes = [child]
+              child = node
+            }
+
+            let newParent: AstNode[] = []
+            transform(child, newParent, { ...context, ...node.context, reference: false }, depth)
+            parent.push(...newParent)
+          }
+        }
+
+        return
+      } else {
+        for (let child of node.nodes) {
+          transform(child, parent, { ...context, ...node.context }, depth)
+        }
       }
     }
 
@@ -403,49 +436,67 @@ export function optimizeAst(ast: AstNode[], designSystem: DesignSystem) {
   }
 
   // Remove unused theme variables
-  if (enableRemoveUnusedThemeVariables) {
-    next: for (let [parent, declarations] of cssThemeVariables) {
-      for (let declaration of declarations) {
-        let options = designSystem.theme.getOptions(declaration.property)
-
-        if (options & (ThemeOptions.STATIC | ThemeOptions.USED)) {
-          if (declaration.property.startsWith('--animate-')) {
-            let parts = declaration.value!.split(/\s+/)
-            for (let part of parts) usedKeyframeNames.add(part)
-          }
-
-          continue
+  next: for (let [parent, declarations] of cssThemeVariables) {
+    for (let declaration of declarations) {
+      // Find out if a variable is either used directly or if any of the
+      // variables referencing it is used.
+      let variableUsed = isVariableUsed(
+        declaration.property,
+        designSystem.theme,
+        variableDependencies,
+      )
+      if (variableUsed) {
+        if (declaration.property.startsWith('--animate-')) {
+          let parts = declaration.value!.split(/\s+/)
+          for (let part of parts) usedKeyframeNames.add(part)
         }
 
-        // Remove the declaration (from its parent)
-        let idx = parent.indexOf(declaration)
-        parent.splice(idx, 1)
+        continue
+      }
 
-        // If the parent is now empty, remove it from the AST
-        if (parent.length === 0) {
-          for (let [idx, node] of newAst.entries()) {
-            // Assumption, but right now the `@theme` must be top-level, so we
-            // don't need to traverse the entire AST to find the parent.
-            //
-            // Checking for `rule`, because at this stage the `@theme` is already
-            // converted to a normal style rule `:root, :host`
-            if (node.kind === 'rule' && node.nodes === parent) {
-              newAst.splice(idx, 1)
-              break
-            }
-          }
+      // Remove the declaration (from its parent)
+      let idx = parent.indexOf(declaration)
+      parent.splice(idx, 1)
 
-          continue next
-        }
+      // If the parent is now empty, remove it and any `@layer` rules above it
+      // from the AST
+      if (parent.length === 0) {
+        let path = findNode(newAst, (node) => node.kind === 'rule' && node.nodes === parent)
+
+        if (!path || path.length === 0) continue next
+
+        // Add the root of the AST so we can delete from the top-level
+        path.unshift({
+          kind: 'at-root',
+          nodes: newAst,
+        })
+
+        // Remove nodes from the parent as long as the parent is empty
+        // otherwise and consist of only @layer rules
+        do {
+          let nodeToRemove = path.pop()
+          if (!nodeToRemove) break
+
+          let removeFrom = path[path.length - 1]
+          if (!removeFrom) break
+          if (removeFrom.kind !== 'at-root' && removeFrom.kind !== 'at-rule') break
+
+          let idx = removeFrom.nodes.indexOf(nodeToRemove)
+          if (idx === -1) break
+
+          removeFrom.nodes.splice(idx, 1)
+        } while (true)
+
+        continue next
       }
     }
+  }
 
-    // Remove unused keyframes
-    for (let keyframe of keyframes) {
-      if (!usedKeyframeNames.has(keyframe.params)) {
-        let idx = atRoots.indexOf(keyframe)
-        atRoots.splice(idx, 1)
-      }
+  // Remove unused keyframes
+  for (let keyframe of keyframes) {
+    if (!usedKeyframeNames.has(keyframe.params)) {
+      let idx = atRoots.indexOf(keyframe)
+      atRoots.splice(idx, 1)
     }
   }
 
@@ -522,3 +573,44 @@ export function toCss(ast: AstNode[]) {
 
   return css
 }
+
+function findNode(ast: AstNode[], fn: (node: AstNode) => boolean): AstNode[] | null {
+  let foundPath: AstNode[] = []
+  walk(ast, (node, { path }) => {
+    if (fn(node)) {
+      foundPath = [...path]
+      return WalkAction.Stop
+    }
+  })
+  return foundPath
+}
+
+// Find out if a variable is either used directly or if any of the variables that depend on it are
+// used
+function isVariableUsed(
+  variable: string,
+  theme: Theme,
+  variableDependencies: Map<string, Set<string>>,
+  alreadySeenVariables: Set<string> = new Set(),
+): boolean {
+  // Break recursions when visiting a variable twice
+  if (alreadySeenVariables.has(variable)) {
+    return true
+  } else {
+    alreadySeenVariables.add(variable)
+  }
+
+  let options = theme.getOptions(variable)
+  if (options & (ThemeOptions.STATIC | ThemeOptions.USED)) {
+    return true
+  } else {
+    let dependencies = variableDependencies.get(variable) ?? []
+    for (let dependency of dependencies) {
+      if (isVariableUsed(dependency, theme, variableDependencies, alreadySeenVariables)) {
+        return true
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/at-import.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/at-import.test.ts
index 07922e83a..81ab16eda 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/at-import.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/at-import.test.ts
@@ -580,7 +580,11 @@ test('resolves @reference as `@import "…" reference`', async () => {
       { loadStylesheet, candidates: ['text-red-500'] },
     ),
   ).resolves.toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ".text-red-500 {
+    ":root, :host {
+      --color-red-500: red;
+    }
+
+    .text-red-500 {
       color: var(--color-red-500);
     }
     "
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/config.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/config.test.ts
index eb18cd734..55b91ec39 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/config.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/config.test.ts
@@ -322,11 +322,7 @@ describe('theme callbacks', () => {
 
     expect(compiler.build(['leading-base', 'leading-md', 'leading-xl', 'prose']))
       .toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-        ":root, :host {
-          --text-base: 100rem;
-          --text-md--line-height: 101rem;
-        }
-        .prose {
+        ".prose {
           [class~=lead-base] {
             font-size: 100rem;
             line-height: 201rem;
@@ -562,12 +558,7 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
     })
 
     expect(compiler.build(['font-sans'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --default-font-family: Potato Sans;
-        --default-font-feature-settings: normal;
-        --default-font-variation-settings: normal;
-      }
-      .font-sans {
+      ".font-sans {
         font-family: Potato Sans;
       }
       "
@@ -601,12 +592,7 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
     })
 
     expect(compiler.build(['font-sans'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --default-font-family: Potato Sans;
-        --default-font-feature-settings: "cv06";
-        --default-font-variation-settings: normal;
-      }
-      .font-sans {
+      ".font-sans {
         font-family: Potato Sans;
         font-feature-settings: "cv06";
       }
@@ -641,12 +627,7 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
     })
 
     expect(compiler.build(['font-sans'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --default-font-family: Potato Sans;
-        --default-font-feature-settings: normal;
-        --default-font-variation-settings: "XHGT" 0.7;
-      }
-      .font-sans {
+      ".font-sans {
         font-family: Potato Sans;
         font-variation-settings: "XHGT" 0.7;
       }
@@ -684,12 +665,7 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
     })
 
     expect(compiler.build(['font-sans'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --default-font-family: Potato Sans;
-        --default-font-feature-settings: "cv06";
-        --default-font-variation-settings: "XHGT" 0.7;
-      }
-      .font-sans {
+      ".font-sans {
         font-family: Potato Sans;
         font-feature-settings: "cv06";
         font-variation-settings: "XHGT" 0.7;
@@ -729,9 +705,6 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
 
     expect(compiler.build(['font-sans'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       ":root, :host {
-        --default-font-family: var(--font-family-sans);
-        --default-font-feature-settings: var(--font-family-sans--font-feature-settings);
-        --default-font-variation-settings: var(--font-family-sans--font-variation-settings);
         --font-sans: Sandwich Sans;
       }
       .font-sans {
@@ -768,12 +741,7 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
     })
 
     expect(compiler.build(['font-sans'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --default-font-family: Inter, system-ui, sans-serif;
-        --default-font-feature-settings: normal;
-        --default-font-variation-settings: normal;
-      }
-      .font-sans {
+      ".font-sans {
         font-family: Inter, system-ui, sans-serif;
       }
       "
@@ -806,14 +774,7 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
       }),
     })
 
-    expect(compiler.build(['font-sans'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --default-font-family: var(--font-family-sans);
-        --default-font-feature-settings: var(--font-family-sans--font-feature-settings);
-        --default-font-variation-settings: var(--font-family-sans--font-variation-settings);
-      }
-      "
-    `)
+    expect(compiler.build(['font-sans'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`""`)
   })
 
   test('overriding `fontFamily.mono` sets `--default-mono-font-family`', async () => {
@@ -841,12 +802,7 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
     })
 
     expect(compiler.build(['font-mono'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --default-mono-font-family: Potato Mono;
-        --default-mono-font-feature-settings: normal;
-        --default-mono-font-variation-settings: normal;
-      }
-      .font-mono {
+      ".font-mono {
         font-family: Potato Mono;
       }
       "
@@ -880,12 +836,7 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
     })
 
     expect(compiler.build(['font-mono'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --default-mono-font-family: Potato Mono;
-        --default-mono-font-feature-settings: "cv06";
-        --default-mono-font-variation-settings: normal;
-      }
-      .font-mono {
+      ".font-mono {
         font-family: Potato Mono;
         font-feature-settings: "cv06";
       }
@@ -920,12 +871,7 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
     })
 
     expect(compiler.build(['font-mono'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --default-mono-font-family: Potato Mono;
-        --default-mono-font-feature-settings: normal;
-        --default-mono-font-variation-settings: "XHGT" 0.7;
-      }
-      .font-mono {
+      ".font-mono {
         font-family: Potato Mono;
         font-variation-settings: "XHGT" 0.7;
       }
@@ -963,12 +909,7 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
     })
 
     expect(compiler.build(['font-mono'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --default-mono-font-family: Potato Mono;
-        --default-mono-font-feature-settings: "cv06";
-        --default-mono-font-variation-settings: "XHGT" 0.7;
-      }
-      .font-mono {
+      ".font-mono {
         font-family: Potato Mono;
         font-feature-settings: "cv06";
         font-variation-settings: "XHGT" 0.7;
@@ -1008,9 +949,6 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
 
     expect(compiler.build(['font-mono'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       ":root, :host {
-        --default-mono-font-family: var(--font-mono);
-        --default-mono-font-feature-settings: var(--font-mono--font-feature-settings);
-        --default-mono-font-variation-settings: var(--font-mono--font-variation-settings);
         --font-mono: Sandwich Mono;
       }
       .font-mono {
@@ -1046,14 +984,7 @@ describe('default font family compatibility', () => {
       }),
     })
 
-    expect(compiler.build(['font-mono'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --default-mono-font-family: var(--font-family-mono);
-        --default-mono-font-feature-settings: var(--font-family-mono--font-feature-settings);
-        --default-mono-font-variation-settings: var(--font-family-mono--font-variation-settings);
-      }
-      "
-    `)
+    expect(compiler.build(['font-mono'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`""`)
   })
 })
 
@@ -1179,13 +1110,7 @@ test('merges css breakpoints with js config screens', async () => {
 
   expect(compiler.build(['sm:flex', 'md:flex', 'lg:flex', 'min-sm:max-md:underline']))
     .toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --breakpoint-md: 50rem;
-        --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-        --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-        --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-      }
-      .sm\\:flex {
+      ".sm\\:flex {
         @media (width >= 44rem) {
           display: flex;
         }
@@ -1333,12 +1258,7 @@ test('Prefixes configured in CSS take precedence over those defined in JS config
   )
 
   expect(compiler.build(['wat:custom'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --wat-color-red: #f00;
-      --wat-color-green: #0f0;
-      --wat-breakpoint-sm: 640px;
-    }
-    .wat\\:custom {
+    ".wat\\:custom {
       color: red;
     }
     "
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/container-config.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/container-config.test.ts
index e2b9a0ca5..b5618de84 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/container-config.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/container-config.test.ts
@@ -31,14 +31,7 @@ test('creates a custom utility to extend the built-in container', async () => {
   })
 
   expect(compiler.build(['container'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-      --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-      --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-    }
-    .container {
+    ".container {
       width: 100%;
       @media (width >= 40rem) {
         max-width: 40rem;
@@ -96,14 +89,7 @@ test('allows padding to be defined at custom breakpoints', async () => {
   })
 
   expect(compiler.build(['container'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-      --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-      --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-    }
-    .container {
+    ".container {
       width: 100%;
       @media (width >= 40rem) {
         max-width: 40rem;
@@ -164,14 +150,7 @@ test('allows breakpoints to be overwritten', async () => {
   })
 
   expect(compiler.build(['container'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-      --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-      --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-    }
-    .container {
+    ".container {
       width: 100%;
       @media (width >= 40rem) {
         max-width: 40rem;
@@ -237,14 +216,7 @@ test('padding applies to custom `container` screens', async () => {
   })
 
   expect(compiler.build(['container'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-      --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-      --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-    }
-    .container {
+    ".container {
       width: 100%;
       @media (width >= 40rem) {
         max-width: 40rem;
@@ -307,14 +279,7 @@ test("an empty `screen` config will undo all custom media screens and won't appl
   })
 
   expect(compiler.build(['container'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-      --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-      --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-    }
-    .container {
+    ".container {
       width: 100%;
       @media (width >= 40rem) {
         max-width: 40rem;
@@ -380,20 +345,7 @@ test('legacy container component does not interfere with new --container variabl
 
   expect(compiler.build(['max-w-sm'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
     ":root, :host {
-      --container-3xs: 16rem;
-      --container-2xs: 18rem;
-      --container-xs: 20rem;
       --container-sm: 24rem;
-      --container-md: 28rem;
-      --container-lg: 32rem;
-      --container-xl: 36rem;
-      --container-2xl: 42rem;
-      --container-3xl: 48rem;
-      --container-4xl: 56rem;
-      --container-5xl: 64rem;
-      --container-6xl: 72rem;
-      --container-7xl: 80rem;
-      --container-prose: 65ch;
     }
     .max-w-sm {
       max-width: var(--container-sm);
@@ -438,14 +390,7 @@ test('combines custom padding and screen overwrites', async () => {
   })
 
   expect(compiler.build(['container', '!container'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-      --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-      --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-    }
-    .\\!container {
+    ".\\!container {
       width: 100% !important;
       @media (width >= 40rem) {
         max-width: 40rem !important;
@@ -557,14 +502,7 @@ test('filters out complex breakpoints', async () => {
   })
 
   expect(compiler.build(['container'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-      --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-      --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-    }
-    .container {
+    ".container {
       width: 100%;
       @media (width >= 40rem) {
         max-width: 40rem;
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api.test.ts
index ff9a016e3..14d0849a4 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api.test.ts
@@ -293,9 +293,6 @@ describe('theme', async () => {
       .variable {
         color: color-mix(in oklab, #ef4444 var(--opacity), transparent);
       }
-      :root, :host {
-        --color-red-500: #ef4444;
-      }
       "
     `)
   })
@@ -379,9 +376,6 @@ describe('theme', async () => {
       .js-variable {
         color: color-mix(in oklab, rgb(255 0 0 / 1) var(--opacity), transparent);
       }
-      :root, :host {
-        --color-custom-css: rgba(255 0 0 / <alpha-value>);
-      }
       "
     `)
   })
@@ -1422,12 +1416,6 @@ describe('theme', async () => {
         .my-width-2\\.5 {
           width: 0.625rem;
         }
-        :root, :host {
-          --width-1: 0.25rem;
-          --width-1\\/2: 60%;
-          --width-1\\.5: 0.375rem;
-          --width-2_5: 0.625rem;
-        }
         "
       `)
   })
@@ -1479,12 +1467,6 @@ describe('theme', async () => {
         .my-width-2\\.5 {
           width: 0.625rem;
         }
-        :root, :host {
-          --width-1: 0.25rem;
-          --width-1\\/2: 60%;
-          --width-1\\.5: 0.375rem;
-          --width-2_5: 0.625rem;
-        }
         "
       `)
   })
@@ -3200,10 +3182,7 @@ describe('addUtilities()', () => {
     )
 
     expect(compiled.build(['foo', 'md:foo', 'not-hover:md:foo']).trim()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --breakpoint-md: 768px;
-      }
-      .foo {
+      ".foo {
         :where(.foo > :first-child) {
           color: red;
         }
@@ -4080,10 +4059,7 @@ describe('matchUtilities()', () => {
 
     expect(compiled.build(['foo-red', 'md:foo-red', 'not-hover:md:foo-red']).trim())
       .toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-        ":root, :host {
-          --breakpoint-md: 768px;
-        }
-        .foo-red {
+        ".foo-red {
           :where(.foo-red > :first-child) {
             color: red;
           }
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/screens-config.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/screens-config.test.ts
index e8f96ee55..ac73d8216 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/screens-config.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/screens-config.test.ts
@@ -46,13 +46,7 @@ test('CSS `--breakpoint-*` merge with JS config `screens`', async () => {
       'print:items-end',
     ]),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-md: 50rem;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-      --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-    }
-    .max-w-screen-sm {
+    ".max-w-screen-sm {
       max-width: 44rem;
     }
     .sm\\:flex {
@@ -140,10 +134,7 @@ test('JS config `screens` extend CSS `--breakpoint-*`', async () => {
       'print:items-end',
     ]),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-md: 50rem;
-    }
-    .min-xs\\:flex {
+    ".min-xs\\:flex {
       @media (width >= 30rem) {
         display: flex;
       }
@@ -316,14 +307,7 @@ test('JS config `screens` overwrite CSS `--breakpoint-*`', async () => {
       'print:items-end',
     ]),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-      --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-      --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
-    }
-    .mini\\:flex {
+    ".mini\\:flex {
       @media (width >= 40rem) {
         display: flex;
       }
@@ -584,10 +568,7 @@ describe('complex screen configs', () => {
         'print:items-end',
       ]),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-      }
-      .min-sm\\:flex {
+      ".min-sm\\:flex {
         @media (width >= 40rem) {
           display: flex;
         }
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/css-functions.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/css-functions.test.ts
index d90311b99..371531c41 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/css-functions.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/css-functions.test.ts
@@ -94,11 +94,7 @@ describe('--spacing(…)', () => {
         }
       `),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --spacing: .25rem;
-      }
-
-      .foo {
+      ".foo {
         margin: 1rem;
       }"
     `)
@@ -157,11 +153,7 @@ describe('--theme(…)', () => {
         }
       `),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --color-red-500: red;
-      }
-
-      .red {
+      ".red {
         color: red;
       }"
     `)
@@ -197,11 +189,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: red;
           }"
         `)
@@ -218,11 +206,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: red;
           }"
         `)
@@ -239,11 +223,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: red;
           }"
         `)
@@ -260,11 +240,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: red;
           }"
         `)
@@ -281,11 +257,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: red;
           }"
         `)
@@ -302,11 +274,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: red;
           }"
         `)
@@ -323,11 +291,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: oklab(62.7955% .22486 .12584 / .75);
           }"
         `)
@@ -344,11 +308,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: oklab(62.7955% .22486 .12584 / .75);
           }"
         `)
@@ -365,11 +325,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: oklab(62.7955% .22486 .12584 / .75);
           }"
         `)
@@ -386,11 +342,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: color-mix(in oklab, red var(--opacity), transparent);
           }"
         `)
@@ -408,11 +360,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: color-mix(in oklab, red var(--opacity, 50%), transparent);
           }"
         `)
@@ -429,11 +377,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --spacing-12: 3rem;
-          }
-
-          .space-on-the-left {
+          ".space-on-the-left {
             margin-left: 3rem;
           }"
         `)
@@ -450,11 +394,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --spacing-2_5: .625rem;
-          }
-
-          .space-on-the-left {
+          ".space-on-the-left {
             margin-left: .625rem;
           }"
         `)
@@ -471,11 +411,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --spacing-2_5: .625rem;
-          }
-
-          .space-on-the-left {
+          ".space-on-the-left {
             margin-left: calc(100vh - .625rem);
           }"
         `)
@@ -492,11 +428,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --radius-lg: .5rem;
-          }
-
-          .radius {
+          ".radius {
             border-radius: .5rem;
           }"
         `)
@@ -514,11 +446,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
               }
             `),
           ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-            ":root, :host {
-              --blur: 8px;
-            }
-
-            .default-blur {
+            ".default-blur {
               filter: blur(8px);
             }"
           `)
@@ -537,12 +465,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
               }
             `),
           ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-            ":root, :host {
-              --text-xs: 1337.75rem;
-              --text-xs--line-height: 1337rem;
-            }
-
-            .text {
+            ".text {
               font-size: 1337.75rem;
               line-height: 1337rem;
             }"
@@ -627,11 +550,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: oklab(62.7955% .22486 .12584 / .25);
           }"
         `)
@@ -685,12 +604,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-            --color-foo: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: red;
           }"
         `)
@@ -708,12 +622,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-            --color-foo: oklab(62.7955% .22486 .12584 / .5);
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: oklab(62.7955% .22486 .12584 / .25);
           }"
         `)
@@ -732,11 +641,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: red;
           }"
         `)
@@ -753,11 +658,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: oklab(62.7955% .22486 .12584 / .5);
           }"
         `)
@@ -774,11 +675,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --color-red-500: red;
-          }
-
-          .red {
+          ".red {
             color: red;
           }"
         `)
@@ -797,11 +694,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
             }
           `),
         ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-          ":root, :host {
-            --blur: 8px;
-          }
-
-          .blur {
+          ".blur {
             filter: blur(8px);
           }"
         `)
@@ -860,11 +753,6 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
           .sm\\:\\[--color\\:theme\\(colors\\.red\\[500\\]\\)\\] {
             --color: red;
           }
-        }
-
-        :root, :host {
-          --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-          --color-red-500: red;
         }"
       `)
     })
@@ -922,12 +810,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
           }
         `),
       ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-        ":root, :host {
-          --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-          --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-        }
-
-        @media (width >= 48rem) and (width <= 64rem) {
+        "@media (width >= 48rem) and (width <= 64rem) {
           .red {
             color: red;
           }
@@ -949,12 +832,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
           }
         `),
       ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-        ":root, :host {
-          --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-          --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-        }
-
-        @media (width >= 48rem) and (width < 64rem) {
+        "@media (width >= 48rem) and (width < 64rem) {
           .red {
             color: red;
           }
@@ -977,11 +855,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
         }
       `),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-      }
-
-      @media (width >= 48rem) {
+      "@media (width >= 48rem) {
         .red {
           color: red;
         }
@@ -1002,11 +876,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
         }
       `),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-      }
-
-      @container (width > 48rem) {
+      "@container (width > 48rem) {
         .red {
           color: red;
         }
@@ -1027,11 +897,7 @@ describe('theme(…)', () => {
         }
       `),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --font-size-xs: .75rem;
-      }
-
-      @supports (text-stroke: 0.75rem) {
+      "@supports (text-stroke: 0.75rem) {
         .red {
           color: red;
         }
@@ -1188,11 +1054,7 @@ test('replaces CSS theme() function with values inside imported stylesheets', as
       },
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --color-red-500: red;
-    }
-
-    .red {
+    ".red {
       color: red;
     }"
   `)
@@ -1213,11 +1075,7 @@ test('resolves paths ending with a 1', async () => {
       [],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --spacing-1: .25rem;
-    }
-
-    .foo {
+    ".foo {
       margin: .25rem;
     }"
   `)
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/design-system.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/design-system.ts
index cfa02beaf..5d3abc9ff 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/design-system.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/design-system.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { getClassOrder } from './sort'
 import type { Theme, ThemeKey } from './theme'
 import { Utilities, createUtilities, withAlpha } from './utilities'
 import { DefaultMap } from './utils/default-map'
-import * as ValueParser from './value-parser'
+import { extractUsedVariables } from './utils/variables'
 import { Variants, createVariants } from './variants'
 
 export type DesignSystem = {
@@ -69,19 +69,9 @@ export function buildDesignSystem(theme: Theme): DesignSystem {
   })
 
   let trackUsedVariables = new DefaultMap((raw) => {
-    ValueParser.walk(ValueParser.parse(raw), (node) => {
-      if (node.kind !== 'function' || node.value !== 'var') return
-
-      ValueParser.walk(node.nodes, (child) => {
-        if (child.kind !== 'word' || child.value[0] !== '-' || child.value[1] !== '-') return
-
-        theme.markUsedVariable(child.value)
-      })
-
-      return ValueParser.ValueWalkAction.Skip
-    })
-
-    return true
+    for (let variable of extractUsedVariables(raw)) {
+      theme.markUsedVariable(variable)
+    }
   })
 
   let designSystem: DesignSystem = {
@@ -104,7 +94,7 @@ export function buildDesignSystem(theme: Theme): DesignSystem {
           },
         })
 
-        astNodes = optimizeAst(astNodes, designSystem)
+        astNodes = optimizeAst(astNodes, designSystem, null)
 
         if (astNodes.length === 0 || wasInvalid) {
           result.push(null)
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/feature-flags.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/feature-flags.ts
index e6db9b7a6..2cdf403e3 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/feature-flags.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/feature-flags.ts
@@ -1,3 +1 @@
-export const enableRemoveUnusedThemeVariables = false
-
 export const enableUserValid = process.env.FEATURES_ENV !== 'stable'
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.test.ts
index aa6879607..67b6c3c53 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.test.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ describe('compiling CSS', () => {
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       ":root, :host {
         --color-black: #000;
-        --breakpoint-md: 768px;
       }
 
       @layer utilities {
@@ -173,7 +172,6 @@ describe('compiling CSS', () => {
         --spacing-1\\.5: 1.5px;
         --spacing-2_5: 2.5px;
         --spacing-3\\.5: 3.5px;
-        --spacing-3_5: 3.5px;
         --spacing-foo\\/bar: 3rem;
       }
 
@@ -294,7 +292,6 @@ describe('@apply', () => {
         --color-blue-500: #3b82f6;
         --color-green-200: #bbf7d0;
         --color-green-500: #22c55e;
-        --breakpoint-md: 768px;
         --animate-spin: spin 1s linear infinite;
       }
 
@@ -1149,7 +1146,6 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       ":root, :host {
         --color-red: red;
-        --animate-foo: foo 1s infinite;
         --text-lg: 20px;
       }
 
@@ -1159,12 +1155,6 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
 
       .accent-red {
         accent-color: var(--color-red);
-      }
-
-      @keyframes foo {
-        to {
-          opacity: 1;
-        }
       }"
     `)
   })
@@ -1251,12 +1241,6 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
 
       .accent-green {
         accent-color: var(--color-green);
-      }
-
-      @keyframes spin {
-        to {
-          transform: rotate(360deg);
-        }
       }"
     `)
   })
@@ -1304,12 +1288,6 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
 
       .accent-green {
         accent-color: var(--color-green);
-      }
-
-      @keyframes spin {
-        to {
-          transform: rotate(360deg);
-        }
       }"
     `)
   })
@@ -1403,7 +1381,6 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
       ),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       ":root, :host {
-        --inset-shadow-sm: inset 0 2px 4px #0000000d;
         --inset-md: 50px;
       }
 
@@ -1586,12 +1563,6 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
         animation: var(--animate-foobar);
       }
 
-      @keyframes foo {
-        to {
-          opacity: 1;
-        }
-      }
-
       @keyframes foobar {
         to {
           opacity: 0;
@@ -1628,7 +1599,6 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       ":root, :host {
         --animate-foo: used 1s infinite;
-        --animate-bar: unused 1s infinite;
       }
 
       .animate-foo {
@@ -1639,12 +1609,6 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
         to {
           opacity: 1;
         }
-      }
-
-      @keyframes unused {
-        to {
-          opacity: 0;
-        }
       }"
     `)
   })
@@ -1675,12 +1639,7 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
         ['animate-foo'],
       ),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --animate-foo: used 1s infinite;
-        --animate-bar: unused 1s infinite;
-      }
-
-      .animate-foo {
+      ".animate-foo {
         animation: 1s infinite used;
       }
 
@@ -1688,12 +1647,6 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
         to {
           opacity: 1;
         }
-      }
-
-      @keyframes unused {
-        to {
-          opacity: 0;
-        }
       }"
     `)
   })
@@ -1782,12 +1735,6 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
         to {
           opacity: 1;
         }
-      }
-
-      @keyframes unused {
-        to {
-          opacity: 0;
-        }
       }"
     `)
   })
@@ -2092,13 +2039,7 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
         ['bg-tomato', 'bg-potato', 'bg-primary'],
       ),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --color-tomato: #e10c04;
-        --color-potato: #ac855b;
-        --color-primary: var(--primary);
-      }
-
-      .bg-potato {
+      ".bg-potato {
         background-color: #ac855b;
       }
 
@@ -2137,13 +2078,7 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
         },
       ),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --color-tomato: #e10c04;
-        --color-potato: #ac855b;
-        --color-primary: var(--primary);
-      }
-
-      .bg-tomato {
+      ".bg-tomato {
         background-color: #e10c04;
       }"
     `)
@@ -2176,6 +2111,30 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
     `)
   })
 
+  test('when no theme values are emitted, empty layers can be removed', async () => {
+    expect(
+      await compileCss(
+        css`
+          @layer theme1 {
+            @layer theme2 {
+              @theme {
+                --color-tomato: #e10c04;
+                --color-potato: #ac855b;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          @tailwind utilities;
+        `,
+        ['underline'],
+      ),
+    ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      ".underline {
+        text-decoration-line: underline;
+      }"
+    `)
+  })
+
   test('wrapping `@theme` with `@media theme(inline)` behaves like `@theme inline` to support `@import` statements', async () => {
     expect(
       await compileCss(
@@ -2193,13 +2152,7 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
         ['bg-tomato', 'bg-potato', 'bg-primary'],
       ),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --color-tomato: #e10c04;
-        --color-potato: #ac855b;
-        --color-primary: var(--primary);
-      }
-
-      .bg-potato {
+      ".bg-potato {
         background-color: #ac855b;
       }
 
@@ -2312,11 +2265,7 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
         ['bg-potato'],
       ),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --color-potato: #efb46b;
-      }
-
-      .bg-potato {
+      ".bg-potato {
         background-color: #efb46b;
       }"
     `)
@@ -2487,6 +2436,54 @@ describe('Parsing theme values from CSS', () => {
       }"
     `)
   })
+
+  test('only emits theme variables that are used outside of being defined by another variable', async () => {
+    let { build } = await compile(
+      css`
+        @theme {
+          --var-a: var(--var-b);
+          --var-b: var(--var-c);
+          --var-c: var(--var-d);
+          --var-d: red;
+
+          --var-four: green;
+          --var-three: var(--var-four);
+          --var-two: var(--var-three);
+          --var-one: var(--var-two);
+
+          --var-eins: var(--var-zwei);
+          --var-zwei: var(--var-drei);
+          --var-drei: var(--var-vier);
+          --var-vier: blue;
+        }
+
+        @utility get-var-* {
+          color: --value(--var-\*);
+        }
+        @tailwind utilities;
+      `,
+      {},
+    )
+
+    expect(optimizeCss(build(['get-var-b', 'get-var-two'])).trim()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      ":root, :host {
+        --var-b: var(--var-c);
+        --var-c: var(--var-d);
+        --var-d: red;
+        --var-four: green;
+        --var-three: var(--var-four);
+        --var-two: var(--var-three);
+      }
+
+      .get-var-b {
+        color: var(--var-b);
+      }
+
+      .get-var-two {
+        color: var(--var-two);
+      }"
+    `)
+  })
 })
 
 describe('plugins', () => {
@@ -3661,7 +3658,7 @@ it("should error when `layer(…)` is used, but it's not the first param", async
   )
 })
 
-describe('`@import "…" reference`', () => {
+describe('`@reference "…" reference`', () => {
   test('recursively removes styles', async () => {
     let loadStylesheet = async (id: string, base: string) => {
       if (id === './foo/baz.css') {
@@ -3692,7 +3689,7 @@ describe('`@import "…" reference`', () => {
     await expect(
       compileCss(
         `
-          @import './foo/bar.css' reference;
+          @reference './foo/bar.css';
 
           .bar {
             @apply md:hocus:foo;
@@ -3732,7 +3729,7 @@ describe('`@import "…" reference`', () => {
 
     let { build } = await compile(
       css`
-        @import './foo/bar.css' reference;
+        @reference './foo/bar.css';
       `,
       { loadStylesheet },
     )
@@ -3740,40 +3737,6 @@ describe('`@import "…" reference`', () => {
     expect(build(['text-underline', 'border']).trim()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`""`)
   })
 
-  test('removes styles when the import resolver was handled outside of Tailwind CSS', async () => {
-    await expect(
-      compileCss(
-        `
-          @media reference {
-            @layer theme {
-              @theme {
-                --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-              }
-              .foo {
-                color: red;
-              }
-            }
-            @utility foo {
-              color: red;
-            }
-            @custom-variant hocus (&:hover, &:focus);
-          }
-
-          .bar {
-            @apply md:hocus:foo;
-          }
-        `,
-        [],
-      ),
-    ).resolves.toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "@media (width >= 48rem) {
-        .bar:hover, .bar:focus {
-          color: red;
-        }
-      }"
-    `)
-  })
-
   test('removes all @keyframes, even those contributed by JavasScript plugins', async () => {
     await expect(
       compileCss(
@@ -3848,8 +3811,177 @@ describe('`@import "…" reference`', () => {
         },
       ),
     ).resolves.toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ".bar {
+      "@layer theme {
+        :root, :host {
+          --animate-spin: spin 1s linear infinite;
+        }
+      }
+
+      .bar {
         animation: var(--animate-spin);
+      }
+
+      @keyframes spin {
+        to {
+          transform: rotate(360deg);
+        }
+      }"
+    `)
+  })
+
+  test('emits theme variables and keyframes defined inside @reference-ed files', async () => {
+    let loadStylesheet = async (id: string, base: string) => {
+      switch (id) {
+        case './one.css': {
+          return {
+            content: css`
+              @import './two.css' layer(two);
+            `,
+            base: '/root',
+          }
+        }
+        case './two.css': {
+          return {
+            content: css`
+              @import './three.css' layer(three);
+            `,
+            base: '/root',
+          }
+        }
+        case './three.css': {
+          return {
+            content: css`
+              .foo {
+                color: red;
+              }
+              @theme {
+                --color-red: red;
+                --animate-wiggle: wiggle 1s ease-in-out infinite;
+                @keyframes wiggle {
+                  0%,
+                  100% {
+                    transform: rotate(-3deg);
+                  }
+                  50% {
+                    transform: rotate(3deg);
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            `,
+            base: '/root',
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    await expect(
+      compileCss(
+        `
+          @reference './one.css';
+          .bar {
+            @apply text-red animate-wiggle;
+          }
+        `,
+        [],
+        { loadStylesheet },
+      ),
+    ).resolves.toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      "@layer two {
+        @layer three {
+          :root, :host {
+            --color-red: red;
+            --animate-wiggle: wiggle 1s ease-in-out infinite;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      .bar {
+        animation: var(--animate-wiggle);
+        color: var(--color-red);
+      }
+
+      @keyframes wiggle {
+        0%, 100% {
+          transform: rotate(-3deg);
+        }
+
+        50% {
+          transform: rotate(3deg);
+        }
+      }"
+    `)
+  })
+
+  test('supports `@import "…" reference` syntax', async () => {
+    let loadStylesheet = async () => {
+      return {
+        content: css`
+          .foo {
+            color: red;
+          }
+          @utility foo {
+            color: red;
+          }
+          @theme {
+            --breakpoint-md: 768px;
+          }
+          @custom-variant hocus (&:hover, &:focus);
+        `,
+        base: '/root/foo',
+      }
+    }
+
+    await expect(
+      compileCss(
+        `
+            @import './foo/bar.css' reference;
+
+            .bar {
+              @apply md:hocus:foo;
+            }
+          `,
+        [],
+        { loadStylesheet },
+      ),
+    ).resolves.toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+        "@media (width >= 768px) {
+          .bar:hover, .bar:focus {
+            color: red;
+          }
+        }"
+      `)
+  })
+
+  test('removes styles when the import resolver was handled outside of Tailwind CSS', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      compileCss(
+        `
+          @media reference {
+            @layer theme {
+              @theme {
+                --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
+              }
+              .foo {
+                color: red;
+              }
+            }
+            @utility foo {
+              color: red;
+            }
+            @custom-variant hocus (&:hover, &:focus);
+          }
+
+          .bar {
+            @apply md:hocus:foo;
+          }
+        `,
+        [],
+      ),
+    ).resolves.toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      "@media (width >= 48rem) {
+        .bar:hover, .bar:focus {
+          color: red;
+        }
       }"
     `)
   })
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.ts
index b7e7886c2..1fc32c607 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.ts
@@ -448,10 +448,6 @@ async function parseCss(
     if (node.name === '@theme') {
       let [themeOptions, themePrefix] = parseThemeOptions(node.params)
 
-      if (context.reference) {
-        themeOptions |= ThemeOptions.REFERENCE
-      }
-
       if (themePrefix) {
         if (!IS_VALID_PREFIX.test(themePrefix)) {
           throw new Error(
@@ -494,7 +490,7 @@ async function parseCss(
 
       // Keep a reference to the first `@theme` rule to update with the full
       // theme later, and delete any other `@theme` rules.
-      if (!firstThemeRule && !(themeOptions & ThemeOptions.REFERENCE)) {
+      if (!firstThemeRule) {
         firstThemeRule = styleRule(':root, :host', [])
         replaceWith([firstThemeRule])
       } else {
@@ -607,6 +603,7 @@ async function parseCss(
     root,
     utilitiesNode,
     features,
+    firstThemeRule,
   }
 }
 
@@ -619,7 +616,10 @@ export async function compileAst(
   features: Features
   build(candidates: string[]): AstNode[]
 }> {
-  let { designSystem, ast, globs, root, utilitiesNode, features } = await parseCss(input, opts)
+  let { designSystem, ast, globs, root, utilitiesNode, features, firstThemeRule } = await parseCss(
+    input,
+    opts,
+  )
 
   if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'test') {
     ast.unshift(comment(`! tailwindcss v${version} | MIT License | https://tailwindcss.com `))
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ export async function compileAst(
       }
 
       if (!utilitiesNode) {
-        compiled ??= optimizeAst(ast, designSystem)
+        compiled ??= optimizeAst(ast, designSystem, firstThemeRule)
         return compiled
       }
 
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ export async function compileAst(
       // If no new candidates were added, we can return the original CSS. This
       // currently assumes that we only add new candidates and never remove any.
       if (!didChange) {
-        compiled ??= optimizeAst(ast, designSystem)
+        compiled ??= optimizeAst(ast, designSystem, firstThemeRule)
         return compiled
       }
 
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ export async function compileAst(
       // CSS. This currently assumes that we only add new ast nodes and never
       // remove any.
       if (previousAstNodeCount === newNodes.length) {
-        compiled ??= optimizeAst(ast, designSystem)
+        compiled ??= optimizeAst(ast, designSystem, firstThemeRule)
         return compiled
       }
 
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ export async function compileAst(
 
       utilitiesNode.nodes = newNodes
 
-      compiled = optimizeAst(ast, designSystem)
+      compiled = optimizeAst(ast, designSystem, firstThemeRule)
       return compiled
     },
   }
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/prefix.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/prefix.test.ts
index 8fb0eec6a..020575ce2 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/prefix.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/prefix.test.ts
@@ -108,8 +108,6 @@ test('CSS variables output by the theme are prefixed', async () => {
   expect(compiler.build(['tw:text-red'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
     ":root, :host {
       --tw-color-red: #f00;
-      --tw-color-green: #0f0;
-      --tw-breakpoint-sm: 640px;
     }
     .tw\\:text-red {
       color: var(--tw-color-red);
@@ -131,12 +129,7 @@ test('CSS theme functions do not use the prefix', async () => {
 
   expect(compiler.build(['tw:[color:theme(--color-red)]', 'tw:text-[theme(--color-red)]']))
     .toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --tw-color-red: #f00;
-        --tw-color-green: #0f0;
-        --tw-breakpoint-sm: 640px;
-      }
-      .tw\\:\\[color\\:theme\\(--color-red\\)\\] {
+      ".tw\\:\\[color\\:theme\\(--color-red\\)\\] {
         color: #f00;
       }
       .tw\\:text-\\[theme\\(--color-red\\)\\] {
@@ -193,12 +186,7 @@ test('JS theme functions do not use the prefix', async () => {
   )
 
   expect(compiler.build(['tw:my-custom'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --tw-color-red: #f00;
-      --tw-color-green: #0f0;
-      --tw-breakpoint-sm: 640px;
-    }
-    .tw\\:my-custom {
+    ".tw\\:my-custom {
       color: #f00;
     }
     "
@@ -337,12 +325,7 @@ test('a prefix can be configured via @import prefix(…)', async () => {
     },
   })
 
-  expect(compiler.build(['underline', 'hover:line-through', 'custom'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --tw-color-potato: #7a4724;
-    }
-    "
-  `)
+  expect(compiler.build(['underline', 'hover:line-through', 'custom'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`""`)
 })
 
 test('a prefix must be letters only', async () => {
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/utilities.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/utilities.test.ts
index 90e12bf83..79ac47006 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/utilities.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/utilities.test.ts
@@ -147,7 +147,6 @@ test('inset', async () => {
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
     ":root, :host {
       --spacing-4: 1rem;
-      --inset-shadow-sm: inset 0 1px 1px #0000000d;
       --inset-shadowned: 1940px;
     }
 
@@ -3162,10 +3161,6 @@ describe('container', () => {
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       ":root, :host {
         --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-        --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-        --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-        --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-        --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
       }
 
       .container {
@@ -3305,10 +3300,6 @@ describe('container', () => {
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       ":root, :host {
         --breakpoint-sm: 40rem;
-        --breakpoint-md: 48rem;
-        --breakpoint-lg: 64rem;
-        --breakpoint-xl: 80rem;
-        --breakpoint-2xl: 96rem;
       }
 
       .container {
@@ -4045,11 +4036,7 @@ test('translate-x', async () => {
       ['translate-x-full', '-translate-x-full', 'translate-x-px', '-translate-x-[var(--value)]'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --spacing: .25rem;
-    }
-
-    .-translate-x-\\[var\\(--value\\)\\] {
+    ".-translate-x-\\[var\\(--value\\)\\] {
       --tw-translate-x: calc(var(--value) * -1);
       translate: var(--tw-translate-x) var(--tw-translate-y);
     }
@@ -4173,11 +4160,7 @@ test('translate-y', async () => {
       ['translate-y-full', '-translate-y-full', 'translate-y-px', '-translate-y-[var(--value)]'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --spacing: .25rem;
-    }
-
-    .-translate-y-\\[var\\(--value\\)\\] {
+    ".-translate-y-\\[var\\(--value\\)\\] {
       --tw-translate-y: calc(var(--value) * -1);
       translate: var(--tw-translate-x) var(--tw-translate-y);
     }
@@ -7734,11 +7717,7 @@ test('divide-x with custom default border width', async () => {
       ['divide-x'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --default-border-width: 2px;
-    }
-
-    :where(.divide-x > :not(:last-child)) {
+    ":where(.divide-x > :not(:last-child)) {
       --tw-divide-x-reverse: 0;
       border-inline-style: var(--tw-border-style);
       border-inline-start-width: calc(2px * var(--tw-divide-x-reverse));
@@ -7840,11 +7819,7 @@ test('divide-y with custom default border width', async () => {
       ['divide-y'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --default-border-width: 2px;
-    }
-
-    :where(.divide-y > :not(:last-child)) {
+    ":where(.divide-y > :not(:last-child)) {
       --tw-divide-y-reverse: 0;
       border-bottom-style: var(--tw-border-style);
       border-top-style: var(--tw-border-style);
@@ -9930,11 +9905,7 @@ test('border with custom default border width', async () => {
       ['border'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --default-border-width: 2px;
-    }
-
-    .border {
+    ".border {
       border-style: var(--tw-border-style);
       border-width: 2px;
     }
@@ -13878,7 +13849,6 @@ test('transition', async () => {
     ":root, :host {
       --default-transition-timing-function: ease;
       --default-transition-duration: .1s;
-      --transition-property: color, background-color, border-color, text-decoration-color, fill, stroke, opacity, box-shadow, transform, filter, backdrop-filter;
       --transition-property-opacity: opacity;
     }
 
@@ -13944,12 +13914,7 @@ test('transition', async () => {
       ['transition', 'transition-all', 'transition-colors'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --default-transition-timing-function: ease;
-      --default-transition-duration: .1s;
-    }
-
-    .transition {
+    ".transition {
       transition-property: color, background-color, border-color, outline-color, text-decoration-color, fill, stroke, --tw-gradient-from, --tw-gradient-via, --tw-gradient-to, opacity, box-shadow, transform, translate, scale, rotate, filter, -webkit-backdrop-filter, backdrop-filter;
       transition-timing-function: var(--tw-ease, ease);
       transition-duration: var(--tw-duration, .1s);
@@ -14752,11 +14717,7 @@ test('outline', async () => {
       ['outline'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --default-outline-width: 2px;
-    }
-
-    .outline {
+    ".outline {
       outline-style: var(--tw-outline-style);
       outline-width: 2px;
     }
@@ -15261,8 +15222,6 @@ test('shadow', async () => {
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
     ":root, :host {
       --color-red-500: #ef4444;
-      --shadow-sm: 0 1px 3px 0 #0000001a, 0 1px 2px -1px #0000001a;
-      --shadow-xl: 0 20px 25px -5px #0000001a, 0 8px 10px -6px #0000001a;
     }
 
     .shadow-\\[10px_10px\\] {
@@ -15485,8 +15444,6 @@ test('inset-shadow', async () => {
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
     ":root, :host {
       --color-red-500: #ef4444;
-      --inset-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px #0000000d;
-      --inset-shadow-sm: inset 0 1px 1px #0000000d;
     }
 
     .inset-shadow {
@@ -15891,11 +15848,7 @@ test('ring', async () => {
       ['ring'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --default-ring-width: 2px;
-    }
-
-    .ring {
+    ".ring {
       --tw-ring-shadow: var(--tw-ring-inset, ) 0 0 0 calc(2px + var(--tw-ring-offset-width)) var(--tw-ring-color, currentColor);
       box-shadow: var(--tw-inset-shadow), var(--tw-inset-ring-shadow), var(--tw-ring-offset-shadow), var(--tw-ring-shadow), var(--tw-shadow);
     }
@@ -16564,7 +16517,6 @@ describe('spacing utilities', () => {
     expect(optimizeCss(compiled).trim()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       ":root, :host {
         --spacing-sm: 8px;
-        --container-sm: 256px;
       }
 
       .w-sm {
@@ -16638,13 +16590,7 @@ describe('custom utilities', () => {
     let compiled = build([])
 
     // `foo` is not used yet:
-    expect(optimizeCss(compiled).trim()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "@layer utilities;
-
-      :root, :host {
-        --example-foo: 123px;
-      }"
-    `)
+    expect(optimizeCss(compiled).trim()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`"@layer utilities;"`)
 
     // `foo` is used, and the CSS variable is emitted:
     compiled = build(['foo'])
@@ -17828,12 +17774,7 @@ describe('custom utilities', () => {
       `
 
       expect(await compileCss(input, ['flex'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-        ":root, :host {
-          --example-foo: red;
-          --color-red-500: red;
-        }
-
-        .flex {
+        ".flex {
           display: flex;
         }"
       `)
@@ -17926,11 +17867,7 @@ describe('custom utilities', () => {
     `
 
     expect(await compileCss(input, ['tab-github'])).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      ":root, :host {
-        --tab-size-github: 8;
-      }
-
-      .tab-github {
+      ".tab-github {
         tab-size: 8;
       }"
     `)
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/utils/variables.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/utils/variables.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d19743413
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/utils/variables.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import * as ValueParser from '../value-parser'
+
+export function extractUsedVariables(raw: string): string[] {
+  let variables: string[] = []
+  ValueParser.walk(ValueParser.parse(raw), (node) => {
+    if (node.kind !== 'function' || node.value !== 'var') return
+
+    ValueParser.walk(node.nodes, (child) => {
+      if (child.kind !== 'word' || child.value[0] !== '-' || child.value[1] !== '-') return
+
+      variables.push(child.value)
+    })
+
+    return ValueParser.ValueWalkAction.Skip
+  })
+  return variables
+}
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.test.ts
index 554be3c4d..e215835aa 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.test.ts
@@ -775,15 +775,7 @@ test('default breakpoints', async () => {
       ['sm:flex', 'md:flex', 'lg:flex', 'xl:flex', '2xl:flex'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 640px;
-      --breakpoint-md: 768px;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 1024px;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 1280px;
-      --breakpoint-2xl: 1536px;
-    }
-
-    @media (width >= 640px) {
+    "@media (width >= 640px) {
       .sm\\:flex {
         display: flex;
       }
@@ -843,11 +835,7 @@ test('custom breakpoint', async () => {
       ['10xl:flex'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-10xl: 5000px;
-    }
-
-    @media (width >= 5000px) {
+    "@media (width >= 5000px) {
       .\\31 0xl\\:flex {
         display: flex;
       }
@@ -870,13 +858,7 @@ test('max-*', async () => {
       ['max-lg:flex', 'max-sm:flex', 'max-md:flex'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 640px;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 1024px;
-      --breakpoint-md: 768px;
-    }
-
-    @media (width < 1024px) {
+    "@media (width < 1024px) {
       .max-lg\\:flex {
         display: flex;
       }
@@ -925,13 +907,7 @@ test('min-*', async () => {
       ['min-lg:flex', 'min-sm:flex', 'min-md:flex'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 640px;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 1024px;
-      --breakpoint-md: 768px;
-    }
-
-    @media (width >= 640px) {
+    "@media (width >= 640px) {
       .min-sm\\:flex {
         display: flex;
       }
@@ -982,15 +958,7 @@ test('sorting stacked min-* and max-* variants', async () => {
       ['min-sm:max-lg:flex', 'min-sm:max-xl:flex', 'min-md:max-lg:flex', 'min-xs:max-sm:flex'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 640px;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 1024px;
-      --breakpoint-md: 768px;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 1280px;
-      --breakpoint-xs: 280px;
-    }
-
-    @media (width >= 280px) {
+    "@media (width >= 280px) {
       @media (width < 640px) {
         .min-xs\\:max-sm\\:flex {
           display: flex;
@@ -1037,13 +1005,7 @@ test('stacked min-* and max-* variants should come after unprefixed variants', a
       ['sm:flex', 'min-sm:max-lg:flex', 'md:flex', 'min-md:max-lg:flex'],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 640px;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 1024px;
-      --breakpoint-md: 768px;
-    }
-
-    @media (width >= 640px) {
+    "@media (width >= 640px) {
       .sm\\:flex {
         display: flex;
       }
@@ -1099,13 +1061,7 @@ test('min, max and unprefixed breakpoints', async () => {
       ],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 640px;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 1024px;
-      --breakpoint-md: 768px;
-    }
-
-    @media (width < 1024px) {
+    "@media (width < 1024px) {
       .max-lg\\:flex {
         display: flex;
       }
@@ -1484,11 +1440,7 @@ test('not', async () => {
       ],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 640px;
-    }
-
-    .not-first\\:flex:not(:first-child), .not-last\\:flex:not(:last-child), .not-only\\:flex:not(:only-child), .not-odd\\:flex:not(:nth-child(odd)), .not-even\\:flex:not(:nth-child(2n)), .not-first-of-type\\:flex:not(:first-of-type), .not-last-of-type\\:flex:not(:last-of-type), .not-only-of-type\\:flex:not(:only-of-type), .not-visited\\:flex:not(:visited), .not-target\\:flex:not(:target) {
+    ".not-first\\:flex:not(:first-child), .not-last\\:flex:not(:last-child), .not-only\\:flex:not(:only-child), .not-odd\\:flex:not(:nth-child(odd)), .not-even\\:flex:not(:nth-child(2n)), .not-first-of-type\\:flex:not(:first-of-type), .not-last-of-type\\:flex:not(:last-of-type), .not-only-of-type\\:flex:not(:only-of-type), .not-visited\\:flex:not(:visited), .not-target\\:flex:not(:target) {
       display: flex;
     }
 
@@ -2030,11 +1982,7 @@ test('container queries', async () => {
       ],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --container-lg: 1024px;
-    }
-
-    @container name (width < 1024px) {
+    "@container name (width < 1024px) {
       .\\@max-lg\\/name\\:flex {
         display: flex;
       }
@@ -2186,15 +2134,7 @@ test('variant order', async () => {
       ],
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    ":root, :host {
-      --breakpoint-sm: 640px;
-      --breakpoint-md: 768px;
-      --breakpoint-lg: 1024px;
-      --breakpoint-xl: 1280px;
-      --breakpoint-2xl: 1536px;
-    }
-
-    @media (hover: hover) {
+    "@media (hover: hover) {
       .group-hover\\:flex:is(:where(.group):hover *), .peer-hover\\:flex:is(:where(.peer):hover ~ *) {
         display: flex;
       }