diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2e955e7e5..4b5efc628 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 - Add support for `addBase` plugins using the `@plugin` directive ([#14172](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/14172))
 - Add support for the `tailwindcss/plugin` export ([#14173](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/14173))
 
+### Fixed
+
+- Don't wrap relative selectors in arbitrary variants with `:is(…)` ([#14203](https://github.com/tailwindlabs/tailwindcss/pull/14203))
+
 ## [4.0.0-alpha.19] - 2024-08-09
 
 ### Added
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.test.ts
index 499fc9260..fcbe692ac 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.test.ts
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ it('should parse a simple utility with an arbitrary variant', () => {
         {
           "compounds": true,
           "kind": "arbitrary",
+          "relative": false,
           "selector": "& p",
         },
       ],
@@ -207,6 +208,7 @@ it('should parse compound variants with an arbitrary value as an arbitrary varia
           "variant": {
             "compounds": true,
             "kind": "arbitrary",
+            "relative": false,
             "selector": "& p",
           },
         },
@@ -316,6 +318,7 @@ it('should parse a simple utility with an arbitrary media variant', () => {
         {
           "compounds": true,
           "kind": "arbitrary",
+          "relative": false,
           "selector": "@media(width>=123px)",
         },
       ],
@@ -1102,11 +1105,13 @@ it('should parse arbitrary properties that are important and using stacked arbit
         {
           "compounds": true,
           "kind": "arbitrary",
+          "relative": false,
           "selector": "& p",
         },
         {
           "compounds": true,
           "kind": "arbitrary",
+          "relative": false,
           "selector": "@media(width>=123px)",
         },
       ],
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.ts
index 6dc97150f..2a8a6430c 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.ts
@@ -101,6 +101,10 @@ export type Variant =
 
       // If true, it can be applied as a child of a compound variant
       compounds: boolean
+
+      // Whether or not the selector is a relative selector
+      // @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_selectors/Selector_structure#relative_selector
+      relative: boolean
     }
 
   /**
@@ -510,21 +514,23 @@ export function parseVariant(variant: string, designSystem: DesignSystem): Varia
 
     let selector = decodeArbitraryValue(variant.slice(1, -1))
 
-    if (selector[0] !== '@') {
-      // Ensure `&` is always present by wrapping the selector in `&:is(…)`
-      //
-      // E.g.:
-      //
-      // - `[p]:flex`
-      if (!selector.includes('&')) {
-        selector = `&:is(${selector})`
-      }
+    let relative = selector[0] === '>' || selector[0] === '+' || selector[0] === '~'
+
+    // Ensure `&` is always present by wrapping the selector in `&:is(…)`,
+    // unless it's a relative selector like `> img`.
+    //
+    // E.g.:
+    //
+    // - `[p]:flex`
+    if (!relative && selector[0] !== '@' && !selector.includes('&')) {
+      selector = `&:is(${selector})`
     }
 
     return {
       kind: 'arbitrary',
       selector,
       compounds: true,
+      relative,
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compile.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compile.ts
index 80f923e1a..8478ba5cd 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compile.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compile.ts
@@ -134,8 +134,19 @@ export function compileAstNodes(rawCandidate: string, designSystem: DesignSystem
   }
 }
 
-export function applyVariant(node: Rule, variant: Variant, variants: Variants): null | void {
+export function applyVariant(
+  node: Rule,
+  variant: Variant,
+  variants: Variants,
+  depth: number = 0,
+): null | void {
   if (variant.kind === 'arbitrary') {
+    // Relative selectors are not valid as an entire arbitrary variant, only as
+    // an arbitrary variant that is part of another compound variant.
+    //
+    // E.g. `[>img]:flex` is not valid, but `has-[>img]:flex` is
+    if (variant.relative && depth === 0) return null
+
     node.nodes = [rule(variant.selector, node.nodes)]
     return
   }
@@ -162,7 +173,7 @@ export function applyVariant(node: Rule, variant: Variant, variants: Variants):
     // affecting the original node.
     let isolatedNode = rule('@slot', [])
 
-    let result = applyVariant(isolatedNode, variant.variant, variants)
+    let result = applyVariant(isolatedNode, variant.variant, variants, depth + 1)
     if (result === null) return null
 
     for (let child of isolatedNode.nodes) {
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.test.ts
index e04515229..15dfaa942 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/index.test.ts
@@ -380,6 +380,10 @@ describe('arbitrary variants', () => {
       }"
     `)
   })
+
+  it('discards arbitrary variants using relative selectors', async () => {
+    expect(await run(['[>img]:flex', '[+img]:flex', '[~img]:flex'])).toBe('')
+  })
 })
 
 describe('variant stacking', () => {
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.test.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.test.ts
index 92707cdd1..cfc3d12a5 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.test.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.test.ts
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ test('group-[...]', async () => {
       css`
         @tailwind utilities;
       `,
-      ['group-[@media_foo]:flex'],
+      ['group-[@media_foo]:flex', 'group-[>img]:flex'],
     ),
   ).toEqual('')
 })
@@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ test('peer-[...]', async () => {
       css`
         @tailwind utilities;
       `,
-      ['peer-[@media_foo]:flex'],
+      ['peer-[@media_foo]:flex', 'peer-[>img]:flex'],
     ),
   ).toEqual('')
 })
@@ -1668,6 +1668,9 @@ test('not', async () => {
         @tailwind utilities;
       `,
       [
+        'not-[>img]:flex',
+        'not-[+img]:flex',
+        'not-[~img]:flex',
         'not-[:checked]/foo:flex',
         'not-[@media_print]:flex',
         'not-custom-at-rule:flex',
@@ -1690,18 +1693,37 @@ test('has', async () => {
         @tailwind utilities;
       `,
       [
+        'has-checked:flex',
         'has-[:checked]:flex',
+        'has-[>img]:flex',
+        'has-[+img]:flex',
+        'has-[~img]:flex',
+        'has-[&>img]:flex',
         'has-hocus:flex',
 
         'group-has-[:checked]:flex',
         'group-has-[:checked]/parent-name:flex',
         'group-has-checked:flex',
+        'group-has-checked/parent-name:flex',
+        'group-has-[>img]:flex',
+        'group-has-[>img]/parent-name:flex',
+        'group-has-[+img]:flex',
+        'group-has-[~img]:flex',
+        'group-has-[&>img]:flex',
+        'group-has-[&>img]/parent-name:flex',
         'group-has-hocus:flex',
         'group-has-hocus/parent-name:flex',
 
         'peer-has-[:checked]:flex',
         'peer-has-[:checked]/sibling-name:flex',
         'peer-has-checked:flex',
+        'peer-has-checked/sibling-name:flex',
+        'peer-has-[>img]:flex',
+        'peer-has-[>img]/sibling-name:flex',
+        'peer-has-[+img]:flex',
+        'peer-has-[~img]:flex',
+        'peer-has-[&>img]:flex',
+        'peer-has-[&>img]/sibling-name:flex',
         'peer-has-hocus:flex',
         'peer-has-hocus/sibling-name:flex',
       ],
@@ -1711,6 +1733,10 @@ test('has', async () => {
       display: flex;
     }
 
+    .group-has-checked\\/parent-name\\:flex:is(:where(.group\\/parent-name):has(:checked) *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
     .group-has-hocus\\:flex:is(:where(.group):has(:hover, :focus) *) {
       display: flex;
     }
@@ -1727,10 +1753,38 @@ test('has', async () => {
       display: flex;
     }
 
+    .group-has-\\[\\&\\>img\\]\\:flex:is(:where(.group):has(* > img) *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .group-has-\\[\\&\\>img\\]\\/parent-name\\:flex:is(:where(.group\\/parent-name):has(* > img) *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .group-has-\\[\\+img\\]\\:flex:is(:where(.group):has( + img) *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .group-has-\\[\\>img\\]\\:flex:is(:where(.group):has( > img) *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .group-has-\\[\\>img\\]\\/parent-name\\:flex:is(:where(.group\\/parent-name):has( > img) *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .group-has-\\[\\~img\\]\\:flex:is(:where(.group):has( ~ img) *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
     .peer-has-checked\\:flex:is(:where(.peer):has(:checked) ~ *) {
       display: flex;
     }
 
+    .peer-has-checked\\/sibling-name\\:flex:is(:where(.peer\\/sibling-name):has(:checked) ~ *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
     .peer-has-hocus\\:flex:is(:where(.peer):has(:hover, :focus) ~ *) {
       display: flex;
     }
@@ -1747,12 +1801,56 @@ test('has', async () => {
       display: flex;
     }
 
+    .peer-has-\\[\\&\\>img\\]\\:flex:is(:where(.peer):has(* > img) ~ *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .peer-has-\\[\\&\\>img\\]\\/sibling-name\\:flex:is(:where(.peer\\/sibling-name):has(* > img) ~ *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .peer-has-\\[\\+img\\]\\:flex:is(:where(.peer):has( + img) ~ *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .peer-has-\\[\\>img\\]\\:flex:is(:where(.peer):has( > img) ~ *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .peer-has-\\[\\>img\\]\\/sibling-name\\:flex:is(:where(.peer\\/sibling-name):has( > img) ~ *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .peer-has-\\[\\~img\\]\\:flex:is(:where(.peer):has( ~ img) ~ *) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .has-checked\\:flex:has(:checked) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
     .has-hocus\\:flex:has(:hover, :focus) {
       display: flex;
     }
 
     .has-\\[\\:checked\\]\\:flex:has(:checked) {
       display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .has-\\[\\&\\>img\\]\\:flex:has(* > img) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .has-\\[\\+img\\]\\:flex:has( + img) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .has-\\[\\>img\\]\\:flex:has( > img) {
+      display: flex;
+    }
+
+    .has-\\[\\~img\\]\\:flex:has( ~ img) {
+      display: flex;
     }"
   `)
 
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.ts
index cef987c95..28009817a 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.ts
@@ -204,6 +204,8 @@ export function createVariants(theme: Theme): Variants {
   staticVariant('*', [':where(& > *)'], { compounds: false })
 
   variants.compound('not', (ruleNode, variant) => {
+    if (variant.variant.kind === 'arbitrary' && variant.variant.relative) return null
+
     if (variant.modifier) return null
 
     let didApply = false
@@ -242,6 +244,8 @@ export function createVariants(theme: Theme): Variants {
   })
 
   variants.compound('group', (ruleNode, variant) => {
+    if (variant.variant.kind === 'arbitrary' && variant.variant.relative) return null
+
     // Name the group by appending the modifier to `group` class itself if
     // present.
     let groupSelector = variant.modifier
@@ -301,6 +305,8 @@ export function createVariants(theme: Theme): Variants {
   })
 
   variants.compound('peer', (ruleNode, variant) => {
+    if (variant.variant.kind === 'arbitrary' && variant.variant.relative) return null
+
     // Name the peer by appending the modifier to `peer` class itself if
     // present.
     let peerSelector = variant.modifier